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Manzar Ahmed
University of South Asia
Manzar2001ait@hotmail.com
Muhammad Sarwar Anjum
University of South Asia
msab.engr@gmail.com
Waheed AftabKhan
Superior University Lahore
Waheed.khan@superior.edu.pk
Dr. Zaki Ahmad
Comsats institute of IT
zakiahmad100@gmial.com
APPLICATION OF NANOTECHNOLOGY IN HYDROGEN
GENERATION AND STORAGE
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ABSTRACT
Storage is a key element of advanced power flow management. A
relatively small amount of energy storage can be used to minimize the rate
of change of system output to the grid and avoid demand charges. Much
more storage is required to provide significant capability for off-grid
operation, unless other generation sources, such as an engine-generator,
are available. Nanotechnology can help in hydrogen generation and
storage system by using new Nanomaterials at reduced cost. Control
functions and charging/discharging power electronics may be included in
the inverter/controller or they may be independent Understanding the
charge/discharge efficiency, maintenance requirements, lifetime, and
capital cost will be essential to design of a cost-effective distributed
energy system that includes storage. Energy storage can be used to
minimize peak demand and to shift delivery and consumption of power to
minimize energy costs.
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SEQUENCE OF SLIDES
Introduction
H
2
Generation And Storage
Block Diagram of Generation of Hydrogen
Chemical Method For Production of H
2
Co
2
Emission And Production of Hydrogen

Alternative Resources
Comparison of Battery Storage System
Integration of Electric System
Thermal Energy Storage
Kinds of Thermal Energy Storage
Sensible Thermal Energy Storage And Its Types
Chemical Reactions For Thermal Energy Storage
Storage Capacity And Temperature Relation
Implementation of Nanomaterials In Energy Generation And Storage


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INTRODUCTION
Energy storage can supply more flexibility and balancing to the
grid, providing a back-up to intermittent renewable energy.
It can ease the market introduction of renewable, accelerate the
decarburization of the electricity grid, improve the security and
efficiency of electricity transmission and distribution (reduce
unplanned loop flows, grid congestion, voltage and frequency
variations) in electricity, while also ensuring a higher security of
energy supply.
Currently, there is limited storage in the energy system almost
exclusively from pumped hydro-storage, mainly in mountainous
areas whereas other forms of storage batteries, electric cars,
flywheels, hydrogen, chemical storage are either minimal, or at a
very early stage of development.
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H
2
GENERATION AND STORAGE

H
2
is energy storage medium, not a primary source of energy
but it can be used to efficiently produce electricity and
it is clean in internal combustion energy, Fuel Cell or in Power
generation.

H
2
can store energy from intermittent sources like wind, solar
and can be produced from many different primary energy
sources.
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BLOCK DIAGRAM OF GENERATION OF
HYDROGEN
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CHEMICAL METHOD FOR PRODUCTION OF H
2
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CO
2
EMISSION AND PRODUCTION OF
HYDROGEN
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ALTERNATIVE RESOURCES
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COMPARISON OF BATTERY STORAGE SYSTEM

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INTEGRATION OF ELECTRIC SYSTEM
Generation level: Arbitrage, balancing and
reserve power, etc.
Transmission level: frequency control,
investment deferral
Distribution level: voltage control, capacity
support, etc.
Customer level: peak shaving, time of use cost
management, etc.

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THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE
It is a technology that
stocks thermal energy
by heating or cooling a
storage medium so that
the stored energy can
be used at a later time
for heating and cooling
applications and power
generation
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KINDS OF THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE
1. Sensible heat storage
It is based on storing thermal energy by heating or
cooling a liquid or solid storage medium (e.g. water, sand,
molten salts, rocks), with water being the cheapest option
2. Latent heat storage
It is using phase change materials or PCMs (e.g. from a
solid state into a liquid state)
3. Thermo-chemical storage
(TCS) using chemical reactions to store and release
thermal energy.

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SENSIBLE THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE AND
ITS TYPES
Underground Thermal Energy Storage (UTES)
Borehole storage
It is based on vertical heat exchangers installed underground, which
ensure the transfer of thermal energy to and from the ground layers
(e.g. clay, sand, rock).
Aquifer storage uses a natural underground water-permeable layer as a
storage medium. The transfer of thermal energy is achieved by mass
transfer (i.e. extracting/re-injecting water from/into the underground
layer).
Cavern storage and pit storage
They are based on large underground water reservoirs created in the
subsoil to serve as thermal energy storage systems. These storage
options are technically feasible, but applications are limited because of
the high investment costs


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CHEMICAL REACTIONS FOR THERMAL ENERGY
STORAGE
Reaction Tem,
0
C En. density KJ/Kg
Methane Steam
Reforming
CH
4
+ H
2
O = CO +
3H
2

480-1195 6053
Ammonia
dissociation
2NH
3
= N
2
+ 3H
2
400-500 3940
Thermal
dehydrogenation of
metal hydrides
MgH
2
= Mg |+ H
2
250-500
3079 heat stor
9000 H
2
stor
Dehydration of
metal hydroxides
CA(OH)
2
=
CAO+H
2
O
402-572 1415
Catalytic
dissociation
SO
3
= SO
2
+ 1/2O
2
520-960 1235
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STORAGE CAPACITY AND TEMPERATURE
RELATION
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IMPLEMENTATION OF NANOMATERIALS IN ENERGY GENERATION AND
STORAGE

shows the concept of hydrogen economy which consists of chains of hydrogen
production, hydrogen storage and usage. It links the renewable energy resources
and electrical energy form with the making and utilization of the hydrogen fuel
through storage medium.

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CONCLUSIONS
Energy storage is a key element of advanced power flow management. A
relatively small amount of energy storage can be used to minimize the rate of
change of system output to the grid and avoid demand charges.
Much more storage is required to provide significant capability for off-grid
operation, unless other generation sources, such as an engine-generator, are
available.
Control functions and charging/discharging power electronics may be included
in the inverter/controller or they may be independent Understanding the
charge/discharge efficiency, maintenance requirements, lifetime, and capital
cost will be essential to design of a cost-effective distributed energy system that
includes storage. Energy storage can be used to minimize peak demand and to
shift delivery and consumption of power to minimize energy costs.
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THANKYOU
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