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DEVELOPMENT OF SURFACES
OF SOLIDS
Engr. Nazeer Ahmed Anjum
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If a piece of paper is wrapped around a cylinder or on
all sides of a square prism and laid out or opened on a
flat surface. OR
INTRODUCTION
When the complete surface of a solid is opened out
and laid on a plane, the surface of the solid is said to
have been "developed" and the figure obtained is
called "development" of the surface.
Every line on the development must be the true length
of the corresponding line on the surface.
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INTRODUCTION
A developable surface is one which may be unfolded
or unrolled so is to coincide with a plane. Single
curved surfaces such as of cones and cylinders can be
accurately developed.
Warped and double curved surfaces such as of sphere,
tours, ellipsoid and hyperboloid are undevelopable.
These can, however, be approximately developed by
dividing them into a number of parts.
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IMPORTANCE
In engineering practice an engineer is frequently
required to have a knowledge of development of
surfaces of an object in its design and manufacturing
processes. Practical applications of developments
occur in sheet-metal work, stone cutting, cartoons,
cigarette, Matches etc boxes and pattern making.
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DEVELOPMENT
PRISM CYLINDER
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DEVELOPMENT
PYRAMID CONE
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DEVELOPMENT OF A CYLINDER
This is a development of a cylinder. It is quite easily
formed by drawing a rectangle, adding a tab and
rolling it round to form the cylindrical shape. A
separate top and base can be added, these are circular.
Can you name any products that
have this type of package ?
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DEVELOPMENT OF A PRISM
This is a triangular prism. It is quite an unusual shape
although you may be able to think of a product that has
a package like this one.
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DEVELOPMENT OF A PYRAMID
This is a net / development of a square pyramid. The
development gets its name from the square base. Tabs
are positioned around the base and on the leading edge
so that when the development is folded it can be glued
in position.
Can you name any
products that have this
type of products?
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DEVELOPMENT OF A CONE
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DEVELOPMENT OF A CUBOID
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PRINCIPLE DEVELOPMENT METHODS
There are four principle methods of development:
(i)Parallel-line development.
It is employed in cases of prisms and cylinders in
which stretch-out-line (SL) principle is used. A stretch-
out-line is the development of the end of the prism or
the cylinder.
(ii) Radial line development
It is employed in cases of pyramids and cones in
which the true length of the slant edge or the generator
is used as radius.
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PRINCIPLE DEVELOPMENT METHODS
(iii) Triangular development
It is employed where the connecting surface is neither prismatic
nor pyramidal. In this method the various plane surfaces are
divided into several triangular areas, and each triangle is laid
out in the development after the termination of its true from.
This method is used where the connecting surface is a
combination of prismatic, pyramidal, cylindrical types or a
combination of any two of these.
(iv) Approximate Development
It is employed where the surface of a solid is theoretically
undevelopable like wrapped & double-curved surfaces. These
can be approximately developed by dividing them up into a
number of parts.
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DEVELOPMENT OF A TRUNCATED
CYLINDER
Draw the TOP & FRONT views of the cylinder.
Divide the TOP view into 12 equal parts
Project the divisions to the front view.
Number the divisions on both the views.
Draw the stretch out line (SL) equal to tD
Divide the SL into 12 equal divisions & number
each division.
Draw lines at each division & project the height
of each line from the front view.
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DEVELOPMENT OF A TRUNCATED
CYLINDER
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DEVELOPMENT OF THE LATERAL SURFACE OF
A TRUNCATED PYRAMID
TOP VIEW
Develop the lateral
surface of a truncated
hexagonal pyramid of
base edge 25 mm &
height 60 mm.
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DEVELOPMENT OF THE LATERAL SURFACE OF
A TRUNCATED PYRAMID
TOP VIEW
Draw the
development of the
lateral surface of a
truncated pentagonal
pyramid of base edge
20 mm & height 60
mm. it is truncated at
20mm from the apex.
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DEVELOPMENT OF LATERAL SURFACES OF
TRUNCATED CONE
The development of the cone will be a sector of a
circle & the angle subtended by the arc at the center is
calculated by the formula:
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
) (
) (
360
l cone the of height Slant
r circule base the of Radius
o
u
The radius of the base circle is 10mm & slant height is
30mm, then u = 360(10/30)
u = 120
o
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DEVELOPMENT OF LATERAL SURFACES OF
TRUNCATED CONE
Draw the development of the lateral surface of a truncated cone
of base 50 mm & height 80 mm.
Draw the true length diagram. The lines 0-1 and 0-7 are the
true length because they are ||
e
to the front plane. Since all the
other lines are foreshortened, hence true lengths are needed.
Draw the stretch out line SL. Measure distance from 1 to 2 on the
top view. Using this distance, step off 12 spaces on SL.
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DEVELOPMENT OF A TRANSITION PIECE
A transition piece is a specially formed pipe that is used to join
two other pipes of different shapes, such as a square pipe & a
round pipe. The word transition means change.
In a transition piece there are four
large triangular-shaped pieces and
four parts that are made o small
joined triangles.
The development of a transition
piece is done by the principal of
triangulation. Triangulation is the
processes of dividing a curved
surface into small triangles which
can be bent into shape instead of
stretched.
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Development of
Four Piece Elbow
O
15
15
30
30
d1 d2
O
15
15
30
30
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A
B
C
D E
F
G
H
I
J
O
Draw tangents to the arcs from each point to bring the piece
in the required shape.
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1
2
3 5
6
4
Draw a semicircle at the bottom & divide it into 6 equal
parts i.e at an angle of 30.
7
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Draw the projections from the point of intersections of
circles up to section A.From A draw parallel lines to the
tangent of section B.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
A
B
C
D
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1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 5 6 3 4 2
D
C
B
A
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
A & D
Draw a line having length equal to circumference of circle. Divide circumference
into 12 equal parts. Draw the projections of part A of Elbow. Join the points
with hand sketch. Part A & D are same in shape.
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5
B
B
B & C
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Draw part B of Elbow above the semicircle. Draw projections of B to
circumference of circle. Join points obtained with hand sketch. Part B & C are
same in shape.
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A
B
C
D
Final Four pieces of Elbow obtained will be in this form.



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Step # 1: draw the separate view of
each part and make the
development of each one by one
Development of T-Joint
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Piece no. 1 of tee joint
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Piece no. 2 of tee joint
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Step # 1
1
2
3
5
4
6
7
8
9
10
12
1
11
1;
2;12
3;11
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Step # 2:

1: Draw the front view of piece no. 1 which is double
truncated cylinder
2: Draw the top view of the cylinder and divide it into
twelve divisions.
3: Draw the projection of each point on front view and
extended them which intersect the unfolded
development of cylinder join the points and complete
the development of piece no. 1.
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Step # 2
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Step # 3
Same procedure is adopted for development of
piece no. 2.
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6
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
.

Step #3
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Step # 4
Remove the extra material to get finished piece
and join them to form the required tee joint.
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FINAL DEVELOPED SHAPE OF PIECE NO. 1
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2
.

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PROCEDURE FOR T-JOINT
First of all draw a circle and divide it into twelve
equal parts.
Now draw the vertical projections of the circle.
Draw the horizontal projections of the circle.
Now draw a triangle making an angle of 30 degree
with the horizontal.

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PROCEDURE
Now draw a segment representing the upper part of the
T-joint..
Draw another segment representing the lower part of
the T-joint.
On the vertical projections of the circle cut a distance
pi()*diameter, and divide it into twelve equal
segments.
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PROCEDURE
From these segments draw horizontal lines.
Now draw the projections of the figures drawn
(triangle & lines), these vertical projections will
cut the equally spaced horizontal lines.
Mark the point of intersection of vertical and
horizontal projections.
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PROCEDURE
Join these points and you will obtain different curves.
Cut those curves and join them and T-JOINT is
obtained.
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CUTTING SECTIONS
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FINAL SHAPE
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ASSIGNMENT
1. A cone has a base diameter 40 mm & slant height 60 mm. develop the
slant surface of the cone.
2. A hexagonal prism standing on H.P with one of its base edge ||
e
to the
V.P is cut by an oblique plane. Develop the lateral surfaces of the prism
when its upper portion is removed.
3. A pipe elbow is formed by joining three cylindrical pipe pieces. Develop
the lateral surfaces of the elbow.
4. Development of Y-Joint
5. Development of T-Joint
6. Development of 90
o
Elbow with flanges
7. Development of 45
o
Elbow with flanges
8. Development of Truncated Cone
9. Development of Truncated Pyramid
10. Development of Truncated Hexagonal Pyramid
Submission Date:
14 05 - 2008
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PROCEDURE OF Y-JOINT
First of all draw a circle and divide it into
twelve equal parts.
Now draw the vertical projections of the
circle.
Draw the horizontal projections of the
circle.
Now draw a triangle making angle of
30(degree)with the horizontal.

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PROCEDURE
Now draw a line making an angle of
30(degree) with the horizontal.
Draw another triangle and line three times
adopting the same procedure.
On the vertical projections of the circle cut
a distance pi*diameter ,and divide it into
twelve equal segments.

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PROCEDURE
From these segments draw horizontal
lines.
Now draw the projections of the figures
drawn (triangle & lines), these vertical
projections will cut the equally spaced
horizontal lines.
Mark the point of intersection of vertical
and horizontal projections.
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PROCEDURE
Join these points and you will obtain
different curves.
Cut those curves and join them and
Y-JOINT is obtained.
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CUTTING SECTIONS
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This type of two sections will be
formed.
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This type of two sections will be
formed.
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FINAL SHAPE