POWER TRANSFORMER

PRESENTATION
BY
HITESH KUMAR
MANAGER(T) PROTECTION
DELHI TRANSCO LIMITED
POWER TRANSFORMER
B. Transformer Connections and Operation:
Polarity
Each of the two primary terminals of a transformer is
alternately positive and negative with respect to the other,
and the same thing is of course true with respect to the
secondary terminals.
Identification of Polarity is required for Parallel operation of
the transformers and to get various vector groups.

Three phase transformer connections
Windings can be connected to get various vector groups through
Star/Delta connections.
A clock number is given to each connection. The common
connection are: Yy0,Dd0, Yd1, Dy1, Yd5, Dy5, Yy6, Dd6, Yd11, Dy11




POWER TRANSFORMER
B. Transformer Connections and Operation:

Conditions for Parallel Operation:
1. Same vector group (The same phase angle difference between
the primary and secondary terminals).
2. Same polarity
3. Same phase sequence
4. Same voltage ratio
5. Same per unit impedance
6. Same ratio of equivalent leakage reactance to equivalent
resistance



POWER TRANSFORMER
B. Transformer Connections and Operation:


POWER TRANSFORMER
B. Transformer Connections and Operation:
Conditions for Parallel Operation:
1. Voltage ratio is Equal.
A) No load voltage of two transformers are equal
Ea = Eb
B) Primary leakage impedance drop due to Ie is equal.
Zea = Zeb
(Xea/ Rea = Xeb/Reb)
No circulating current flows between the two transformers.




POWER TRANSFORMER
B. Transformer Connections and Operation:
Conditions for Parallel Operation:
1. Voltage ratio is equal.
No circulating current flows.


Ea = Eb
I = Ia + Ib
Ia Xea = Ib Xeb
V
Ia Rea = Ib Reb

2

2
2
Ea
I
V
Zea Ia
Load Eb
Zeb Ib
Ea = Ia Zea + V

Eb = Ib Zeb + V
Ib
Ia
POWER TRANSFORMER
B. Transformer Connections and Operation:
Conditions for Parallel Operation:
1. Voltage ratio is different, Ea > Eb, Xea/ Rea = Xeb/Reb.
Circulating current flows.


Ea
I
V
Zea Ia
Load Eb
Zeb Ib
Ea = Ia Zea + V

Eb =Ib Zeb + V
Ea
Ia + Ib =0 => Ia = - Ic
Ia Xea
Ea - Eb
Ia Rea

a
Ib = Ic
Ia =Ic
Eb V
Ib Xeb
Ib Reb

POWER TRANSFORMER
B. Transformer Connections and Operation:
Conditions for Parallel Operation:
Voltage ratio is equal. Ea = Eb, Zea = Zeb and Xea/ Rea < Xeb/Reb.
Total out put is less than the sum of the individual outputs.




Ea = Eb
I = Ia + Ib
Ia Xea
V
Ia Rea
2

2
2
Ea
I
V
Zea Ia
Load Eb
Zeb Ib
Ea = Ia Zea + V

Eb = Ib Zeb + V

Ia = Ib
Ib
Ia
Ib Reb
IabXeb
POWER TRANSFORMER
B. Transformer Connections and Operation:
Conditions for Parallel Operation:
1. Voltage ratio is different, Ea > Eb, but (Xea/ Rea = Xeb/Reb)
Circulating current flows and changes the power factors.




Ea
I
Ia Xea
V
Ia Rea
2

Ea
I
V
Zea Ia
Load Eb
Zeb Ib
Ea = Ia Zea + V

Eb = Ib Zeb + V

Ia = I/2 + Ic

Ib = I/2 - Ic
Ia
Ib
Ib Reb
IabXeb
Ic

Ic
Ic
Eb
POWER TRANSFORMER
B. Transformer Connections and Operation:
Conditions for Parallel Operation:
Voltage ratio is equal. Ea = Eb, Zea > Zeb and Xea/ Rea = Xeb/Reb.
Load sharing is different.




Ea = Eb
I = Ia + Ib
Ia Xea = Ib Xeb
V
Ia Rea = Ib Reb
2

2
Ea
I
V
Zea Ia
Load Eb
Zeb Ib
Ea = Ia Zea + V

Eb = Ib Zeb + V

Zea > Zeb

Ia < Ib

Ib
Ia
2
POWER TRANSFORMER
B. Transformer Connections and Operation:
Vector group and clock hour number
Group no. Phase displacement Clock hour no.
1 0
0
0
2 180
0
6
3 -30
0
1
4 +30
0
11
Transformer
Normal conditions
V1
Resultant Voltage in Delta Connected Ter Winding =zero
I1/1
1
E2
I2/2
I2
2
IL + I1
I3/3
I3
3
E1
E3
POWER SYSTEM
Power Transformer 3 Ph Supply
Applied Vector
Induced Flux
ER1
EY1 EB1
Induced Voltage
VY1 VB1
N
VR1
R1
Y1
B1
R1 Y1 B1
R B Y
ER1 EY1 EB1
R2 Y2 B2
ER2 EY2 EB2
R3 Y3 B3
ER3 EY3 EB3
POWER SYSTEM
Power Transformer YNyn0d11
Induced Vector Induced Vector
R1
Y1
B1
R2
Y2
B2
R3
Y3
B3
B3
R3
Y3
ER1
EY1 EB1
N
ER2
EY2
EB2
N
ER3
EB3
EY3
N
Induced Vector
POWER SYSTEM
Power Transformer YNyn0d11
R1
Y1
R2
Y2
B1
B2
R3
B3
Y3
N
N
Applied Vector Induced Vector Connected Vector Induced Vector
R1
Y1
B1
R2
Y2
B2
R3
Y3
B3
B3
R3
Y3
N
POWER SYSTEM
R1
Y1
R2
Y2
B1
B2
R3
Y3 B3
N
N
Applied Vector Induced Vector Induced Vector
R1
Y1
B1
R2
Y2
B2
R3
Y3
B3
Power Transformer Induced Voltages:
POWER SYSTEM
Power Transformer Induced Voltages:
R1
B1
R2
B2
Y1
Y2
R3
B3 Y3
N
N
Applied Vector Induced Vector Induced Vector
R1
Y1
B1
R2
Y2
B2
R3
Y3
B3
POWER SYSTEM
Power Transformer YNyn0d11
R1
Y1
R2
Y2
B1
B2
Y3
R3
N
N
Applied Vector Connected Vector Induced Vector
R1
Y1
B1
R2
Y2
B2
R3
Y3
B3
R3
VL-L
VL-L
POWER SYSTEM
Power Transformer YNyn0d11
R1
Y1
R2
Y2
B1
B2
R3
B3
Y3 B3
R3 Y3 N
N
Applied Vector Connected Vector Induced Vector
R1
Y1
B1
R2
Y2
B2
R3
Y3
B3
B3
R3
Y3
POWER SYSTEM
Power Transformer YNyn0d11
R1
Y1
R2
Y2
B1
B2
R3
B3
Y3
B3
R3
Y3 N
N
Applied Vector Connected Vector Induced Vector
R1
Y1
B1
R2
Y2
B2
R3
Y3
B3
B3
R3
Y3
POWER SYSTEM
Power Transformer YNyn0d11
R1
Y1
R2
Y2
B1
B2
R3
B3
Y3
B3
R3
Y3
N
N
Applied Vector Connected Vector Induced Vector
R1
Y1
B1
R2
Y2
B2
R3
Y3
B3
B3
R3
Y3
POWER SYSTEM
Power Transformer YNyn0d11
R1
Y1
R2
Y2
B1
B2
R3
B3
Y3
N
N
Applied Vector Induced Vector
R1
Y1
B1
R2
Y2
B2
R3
Y3
B3
B3
R3
Y3
N
Connected Vector
POWER SYSTEM
Power Transformer YNyn0d1
R1
Y1
R2
Y2
B1
B2
R3
Y3
B3
N
N
N
Applied Vector Induced Vector
R1
Y1
B1
R2
Y2
B2
R3
Y3
B3
Y3
B3
R3
Connected Vector
POWER SYSTEM
Power Transformer YNyn0d1
R1
Y1
R2
Y2
B1
B2
R3
Y3
B3
N
N
Applied Vector Induced Vector Induced Vector
R1
Y1
B1
R2
Y2
B2
R3
Y3
B3
POWER SYSTEM
Power Transformer YNyn0d1
R1
Y1
R2
Y2
B1
B2
R3
Y3
N
N
Applied Vector Induced Vector Induced Vector
R1
Y1
B1
R2
Y2
B2
R3
Y3
B3
VL-L VL-L
POWER SYSTEM
Power Transformer YNyn0d1
R1
Y1
R2
Y2
B1
B2
R3
Y3
N
N
Applied Vector Induced Vector
R1
Y1
B1
R2
Y2
B2
R3
Y3
B3
Y3
Connected Vector
POWER SYSTEM
Power Transformer YNyn0d1
R1
Y1
R2
Y2
B1
B2
R3
Y3
Y3
B3
B3 R3
N
N
Applied Vector Induced Vector
R1
Y1
B1
R2
Y2
B2
R3
Y3
B3
Y3
B3
R3
Connected Vector
POWER SYSTEM
Power Transformer YNyn0d1
R1
Y1
R2
Y2
B1
B2
R3
Y3
Y3
B3
B3
R3
N
N
Applied Vector Induced Vector
R1
Y1
B1
R2
Y2
B2
R3
Y3
B3
Y3
B3
R3
Connected Vector
POWER SYSTEM
Power Transformer YNyn0d1
R1
Y1
R2
Y2
B1
B2
R3
Y3
Y3
B3
B3
R3
N
N
Applied Vector Induced Vector
R1
Y1
B1
R2
Y2
B2
R3
Y3
B3
Y3
B3
R3
Connected Vector
POWER SYSTEM
Power Transformer YNyn0d1
R1
Y1
R2
Y2
B1
B2
R3
Y3
B3
N
N
Applied Vector Induced Vector
R1
Y1
B1
R2
Y2
B2
R3
Y3
B3
Y3
B3
R3
Connected Vector
POWER SYSTEM
Power Transformer YNyn0d1
R1
Y1
R2
Y2
B1
B2
R3
Y3
B3
N
N
Applied Vector Induced Vector
R1
Y1
B1
R2
Y2
B2
R3
Y3
B3
Y3
B3
R3
Connected Vector
POWER SYSTEM
Power Transformer YNyn0d1
R1
Y1
R2
Y2
B1
B2
R3
Y3
B3
N
N
N
Applied Vector Induced Vector
R1
Y1
B1
R2
Y2
B2
R3
Y3
B3
Y3
B3
R3
Connected Vector
POWER SYSTEM
Power Transformer Dyn11
R1
B1 Y1
N
Available Vector Applied Vector Induced Vector
B1
Y1
R1
R2
Y2
B2
R1
Y1
B1
Y1
B1
R1
R2
B2
Y2 N
POWER SYSTEM
Power Transformer Dyn11
R1
R2
B1
B2
R1
Y1
Y1
N
N
Available Vector Applied Vector Induced Vector
R2
Y2
B2
R1
Y1
B1
Y1
B1
R1
VL-L
POWER SYSTEM
Power Transformer Dyn11
R1
R2
B1
B2
R1
Y1
Y1
N
N
Available Vector Applied Vector Induced Vector
R2
Y2
B2
R1
Y1
B1
Y1
B1
R1
VL-L
B1
Y1
POWER SYSTEM
Power Transformer Dyn11
R1
R2
B1
B2
R1
Y1
Y1
Y2
N
N
Available Vector Applied Vector Induced Vector
R2
Y2
B2
R1
Y1
B1
Y1
B1
R1
VL-L
B1
Y1
POWER SYSTEM
Power Transformer Dyn11
R1
R2
B1
B2
R1
Y1
Y1 B1
Y1
Y2
N
N
Available Vector Applied Vector Induced Vector
R1
B1
R2
Y2
B2
R1
Y1
B1
Y1
B1
R1
VL-L
POWER SYSTEM
Power Transformer Dyn11
R1
R2
B1
B2
Y1
Y2
N
N
Available Vector Applied Vector Induced Vector
B1
Y1
R1
R2
Y2
B2
R1
Y1
B1
Y1
B1
R1
VL-L
POWER SYSTEM
Power Transformer YNyn0d11 Group Testing
R2
Y2
B1
B2
R
3
B
3
Y
3
N
Applied Vector Induced Vector Connected Vector Induced Vector
R1
Y1
B1
R2
Y2
B2
R3
Y3
B3
B3
R3
Y3
R1
Y1
N
N
POWER SYSTEM
Power Transformer YNyn0d11
B1
R3
B3
Y3
Vector Group Confirmation Measure the Voltages
R1
Y1
N
R3
B3
Y3
R1
Y1
N
R1
Y1
B1
R2
Y2
B2
R3
Y3
B3
B3
R3
Y3
POWER SYSTEM
Power Transformer YNyn0d1
R2
Y2 B2
R3
Y3
B3
N
Induced Vector
R1
Y1
B1
R2
Y2
B2
R3
Y3
B3
Y3
B3
R3
R1
Y1
B1
N
Vector Group Confirmation
POWER SYSTEM
Power Transformer YNyn0d1
R3
Y3
B3
R1
Y1
B1
N
Vector Group Confirmation
R1
Y1
B1
R2
Y2
B2
R3
Y3
B3
Y3
B3
R3
POWER SYSTEM
Power Transformer YNyn0d11 andYNyn0d1
R1
Y1
B1
R2
Y2
B2
R3
Y3
B3
Y3
B3
R3
R3
Y3
B3
R1
Y1
B1
N
Vector Group Confirmation
B1
R3
B3
Y3
R1
Y1
N
R1
Y1
B1
R2
Y2
B2
R3
Y3
B3
B3
R3
Y3
POWER SYSTEM
Power Transformer YNyn0d11
B1
R3
B3
Y3
Vector Group Confirmation
R1
Y1
N
R1
Y1
B1
R2
Y2
B2
R3
Y3
B3
B3
R3
Y3
POWER SYSTEM
Power Transformer YNyn0
R2
Y2
N
B2
R
Y
N
B
R1----R
Y1----Y
N
B1----B
Vector Available Vector Applied
Vector Generated Vector Available
R2
Y2
N
B2
R2
Y2
B2
R1
Y1
B1
R
Y
B
R
Y
B
POWER SYSTEM
R2
Y2
B2
R1
Y1
B1
B
R
Y
B
R
Y
R2----B
Y2----R
N
B2----Y
Vector Available Vector Applied
Vector Generated Vector Available
Y2----R
R2----B
N
B2----Y
R1----B
Y1----R
N
B1----Y
R
Y
N
B
Power Transformer YNyn0: Phase sequence is not Changing with shifting of phases
POWER SYSTEM
Power Transformer YNyn0: Phase sequence is not Changing with shifting of phases
R2
Y2
N
B2
R
Y
N
B
R1----R
Y1----Y
N
B1----B
Vector Available Vector Applied
Vector Generated Vector Available
R2
Y2
N
B2
R2
Y2
B2
R1
Y1
B1
R
Y
B
R
Y
B
R2
Y2
B2
R1
Y1
B1
B
R
Y
B
R
Y
R2----B
Y2----R
N
B2----Y
Vector Available Vector Applied Vector Generated Vector Available
Y2----R
R2----B
N
B2----Y
R1----B
Y1----R
N
B1----Y
R
Y
N
B
POWER SYSTEM
Power Transformer YNyn0d11
B1----B
Application of Phase Sequence for Vector Group Confirmation
R3
B3
Y3
R1
Y1
B1
R3
Y3
B3
B3
R3
Y3
R1----R
Y1----Y
N
B1----Y
R3
B3
Y3
R1
Y1
B1
R3
Y3
B3
B3
R3
Y3
R1----R
Y1----B
N
POWER SYSTEM
Parallel Operation
Possible Vector Groups for parallel Operation:

Trans. A: Star/Star Delta/Delta Delta/Star Star/Delta


Trans. B:

Star/Star Yes Yes No No

Delta/Delta Yes Yes No No

Delta/Star No No Yes Yes

Star/Delta No No Yes Yes











POWER SYSTEM
Parallel Operation: Star/Star
R1
Y1
B1
R2
Y2
B2
ER1
EY1 EB1
N
ER
2
EY2
EB2
N
R1
Y1
B1
R2
Y2
B2
ER1
EY1 EB1
N
ER
2
EY2
EB2
N
Trans.-A YNyn0
Trans.-B YNyn0
POWER SYSTEM
Parallel Operation: Delta/Delta
Trans.-A
Trans.-B
R1
Y1
B1
Y1
B1
R1
R2
Y2
B2
Available Vector Applied Vector
R1
R1
B1 Y1
N
B1
Y1
Available Vector
B1
Y1
R1
Y1
B1
Y1
B1
R1
R2
Y2
B2
Trans.-A Dd0
Trans.-B Dd0
POWER SYSTEM
Parallel Operation: Delta/Star
R1
Y1
B1
Y1
B1
R1
Available Vector Applied Vector
R1
R1
B1 Y1
N
B1
Y1
Available Vector
R2
Y2
B2
R2
B2
Y2 N
R1
Y1
B1
Y1
B1
R1
R2
Y2
B2
Trans.-A Dyn11
Trans.-B Dyn11
POWER SYSTEM
Parallel Operation: Delta/Star & Star Delta
Trans.-A Dyn11
R1
Y1
B1
Y1
B1
R1
Available Vector Applied Vector
R1
R1
B1 Y1
N
B1
Y1
Available Vector
R2
Y2
B2
R2
B2
Y2 N
R2
B2
Y2
R1
Y1
B1
R2
Y2
B2
B2
R2
Y2
N
Trans.-B YNd11
POWER SYSTEM
Parallel Operation: Delta/Star & Star Delta
Trans.-A Dyn1
Available Vector Applied Vector
R1
B1 Y1
N
Available Vector
R2
Y2
B2
R1
Y1
B1
R1
B1 Y1
Available Vector Applied Vector
R1
B1 Y1
N
Available Vector
R2
B2
Y2
R1
Y1
B1
R2
Y2
B2
B2
R2
Y2
N
Trans.-B YNd11
R1
B1 Y1
N
TRANSFORMER

100 MVA 220/66-33/11kV Power Transformer (CGL)
Rating: 50/70/100 MVA
Voltage: 220/66-33/11 kV
Cooling: ONAN/ ONAF/ OFAF
Capacity: HV 105.41 MVA
LV 100.00 MVA
TV 33.33 MVA
Vector: YNyn0d11
Type of Bushing: HV 245 kV, 800 Amp
LV 72.5 kV 3150 Amp
TV 36 kV 3150 Amp
HVN 36 kV 630 Amp
LVN .
Location of WTI CT: 1V, 2U & 3W
LDC CT: 1V
PI: > 1.5
Tan delta (30V): < 0.5 at 20 deg C
BDV: >60 kV
Water Content: <15 ppm
Standing Time: 48 hrs. after toping up oil
Oil Filling Rate: < 2000 LPM
IR value of Cond Bushing: > 5000 M Ohms
TRANSFORMER

100 MVA 220/66-33/11kV Power Transformer (CGL)
Recommended Settings:

Over Current: 120 % Ib
Differential Relay: 1 %
Over Flux: 10 %
Neutral Grounding Resistance: < 0.1 Ohms

Fan ON: 60 deg C
Fan OFF: 50 deg C

Pump ON: 80 deg C
Pump OFF: 60 deg C

OT Alarm: 85 deg C
OT Trip: 95 deg C

WT Alarm: 100 deg C
WT Trip: 110 deg C


LINE PROTECTION