HYPOTHESIS

Ms. Reena George

Associate Professor
MIMSCON
Hypothesis
Hypothesis
Hypothesis : Derived from the Greek
word Hypothenai meaning to suppose or
to propose.
Hypothesis
Hypothesis (Plural. Hypotheses) is a
tentative prediction or explanation of the
relationship between 2 or more variables.
(independent and dependent variable).

Hypothesis

Hypothesis is the formal statement of the
expected relationship between two or more
variables in a specified population.

(Nancy Burns)


Hypothesis..
Classification of hypothesis

Hypothesis
Derivation
Inductive
Deductive
Formulation
Research
Null
Complexity
Simple
Complex

Cause and
Effect
Associative
Causal
Direction
Directional
Non
directional
Hypothesis
Inductive : It begins with specific observations and move
towards generalizations.
It comes from observed relationships, critical thinking and
personal experience of the researcher.
Hypothesis
Martha and Tom have elevated levels of serum
creatinine, they are suffering from Renal Disease so all
the, patients who have elevated creatinine level will have
Renal Disease .
Hypothesis
Deductive : Deriving specific statements from
general ideas, theories or principles.
Hypothesis
E.g: All the patients with Renal Disease have
elevated Serum creatinine . So Martha and
Tom also will have Renal Disease .
Hypothesis
Research hypothesis ( H
1
):
These are statements of expected
relationship between the independent and
dependent variable.




Hypothesis
E.g: There will be a significant relationship
between the level of serum creatinine and
Renal diseases.




Hypothesis

Null or Statistical hypothesis ( H
0
):
It states that there is no relationship
between the dependent and independent variables.

E.g: There will be no relationship between
the level of serum creatinine and Renal
diseases.




Hypothesis

Directional:
Specifies the direction of the relationship with the
dependent and independent variable.
E.g: Patients with low level of serum albumin will have a
high rate of infections than those who have normal level
.
Hypothesis

Non-directional :
Do not specify the direction of relationship between
variables.
E.g: There will be a significant difference in rate of infections
with patients who have low serum albumin level and have
not .

Hypothesis
Simple Hypothesis
Predicts relationship with one Independent
variable (Cause) and one Dependent variable(effect) .
E.g. There will be significant relationship between intake of
protein rich diet ( I.V) and the serum albumin level (D.V).


Hypothesis
Complex Hypothesis
Predicts Relationship between two or more
independent variable and two or more dependent variable.
E.g: Patients who consume low protein diet ( I.V) will have
decreased level of serum protein (D.V) and increased rate
of infections (D.V)

Associative hypotheses
Propose relationships between variables - when one
variable changes, the other changes.
e.g. Compliance to antibiotics influences the response
of bacteria to antibiotics .

Hypothesis
Causal : It Indicate the cause and effect relationship
between the Independent and Dependent variables.
There will be a significant relationship between method of
sterilization and destruction of spores.


Hypothesis
Purpose of Research
Hypothesis

1)To guide scientific inquiry

2) To provide direction to the research
design and to the collection, analysis and
interpretation of data and findings.

Hypothesis
Purpose of Research
Hypothesis

3)It inter connect variables of interest
through statement of expected
relationship with them.

4) Predicting the outcomes of a study by
rejecting or accepting .
Hypothesis
Characteristic of a workable
hypothesis

1) A good hypothesis should be justifiable.
2) It must be consistent with existing
knowledge or practical experience and with
logical reasoning.
Criteria of to formulate
hypothesis


Only one variable, condition or relationship
should be included
Only one statistical analysis should be
addressed in each hypothesis.
The variables, condition or relationship must
be testable.


Hypothesis.
Characteristics


Hypothesis are never proved or disproved
but it is accepted or rejected, supported
or not supported.

Hypothesis are evaluated with statistical
analysis.

Hypothesis..
Derivation of hypotheses

No formal rules to derive hypotheses.
Can be derived from theoretical systems, Personal
experience with observation
Reading related literature
Discussion with experts and guides
Inductive and deductive reasoning

Hypothesis
A qualitative Study may generate hypotheses
A quantitative study often tests them

Hypothesis testing
Signifies the testing of one claim over the other.
Steps of Hypothesis
testing
1. State a null hypothesis
There will be no significant difference between the
mean Hb gm% in group I and the mean Hb gm% in
group II
Steps of Hypothesis
testing
2 . Calculate the appropriate test satistic with the
relevant formula
There will be no significant difference between the
mean Hb gm% in group I and the mean Hb gm% in
group II
Steps of Hypothesis
testing
3. Fix up probability level ( P<0.05, P < 0.01,
P < 0.001
Steps of Hypothesis
testing
4. Calculate the degrees of freedom (d.f)
In a 2 way table ( rows and columns), level of
probability is taken as column wise and degrees of freedom
row wise.
e.g. doctor is fresh in the morning and check 1
st
patient
better than 2. etc
Steps of Hypothesis
testing
5. compare the calculated value of the test statistic with the
table value and interpret

Errors in hypothesis testing
Type I error ( ) error
Rejection of a null hypothesis which is true.
Type II error ( ) error
Accepting a null hypothesis that is really false