Civilization is a movement and not a condition, a voyage and not a harbor. Arnold J. Toynbee In the beginning Explaining inequality between different societies - Cargo: material goods brought to N.G
Rejects Race idea - New Guineans are ingenious and intelligent to!
when were groups on an equal setting? The length of time a society has lived in an area does not offer them a clear advantage (a head start)
Evolution of People Well look at this in the next lecture - Lecture 2: Timeline: Overview
13,000 years ago? - On every continent - Who has an advantage?
What changed? 12,500 years ago Climate change at the end of the Paleolithic
End of Long Term thaw that had brought about end of last Ice Age - Ice age conditions returned - Global Temperatures dropped - Dryer and colder
The Middle East Neolithic brought Environmental collapse
Animals herds died off
So did many trees an plants
Drought lasted for more then 1000 years - People had to travel further for food The Neolithic revolution
Drought ended 11,500 years ago - Better tools - Better clothes (for colder climates)
- More Pressure to move
- The beginnings of Food Production
A New Way of Life Ian Kite: excavation at Dra - put down roots - 11,500 - 40-50 people living in same place - Series of Oval huts, partially cut into ground Grain Storage at Dra People had begun growing their own food Autocatalytic Process Population growth Food production
Food Production Population Growth
Success - As Food Producers came upon hunters and gathers they either enveloped them or the hunters and gatherers took to food Production (or moved into undesirable areas of the glob)
How did we change? From Kin to Complexity: Socio-Political Organizations 1962, Elman Service: Bands Tribes Chiefdoms States Industrial Nation States - Kin to Society - Population growth ANT 200 Timeline Hunting and Gathering Band Horticulture Tribe Agrarian Chiefdom Industrial State Nation-State Neolithic Revolution Industrial Revolution Ethnographic Examples ANT 200 Timeline 10,000 years ago Late 1700s Diffusion Barriers to diffusion
Within - East-West Axis - Climate continuity
Eurasia was able to spread its advantages of Environmental Advantages
Between - Isolation - Water Barriers and climactic differences
Advantages advantages picked up by other regions - Food package from Fertile Crescent
Other regions had other advantages - a better climate (Mediterranean)
Speed and Time - Native Americas would likely have become Vast food Producers given enough time to overcome the problem of Diffusion
New Guinea? Farming for almost as long
Its not just farming, but the type of Farming - The type of Crop (Wheat Vs. Corn) - The kinds of animals (Lama Vs. Horse)
Just Enough Environment Division is bad - It inhibits diffusion
Division is good - It encourages competition
Europe has just enough environmental division China is too unified The Argument Environment Molds history,(GGS pp352)
- Different regions of the world have different resources - Food Production leads to social complexity and development - Animal and plant resources determine the extend and success of food production - Some areas of the globe were well placed to receive (through diffusion) other advantages
- The European region of Eurasia is most best (sic)