Cloud Computing: Concepts and

Overview
Content owned by Prof. Krishnadas Nanath & GSTF Singapore
Do not copy or distribute


Leaving Others Behind!
THE CLOUD BUZZ
The Internet Industry Is on a Cloud Whatever That May Mean
Wall Street Journal, March 26, 2009, A1
The U.S. Federal Government cloud computing market enters into
double-digit growth phase at about 16% CAGR over the period
2013-2018, with annual federal cloud computing market to hit $10
billion landmark by 2018.
Cloud Computing 'Something We Absolutely Have to Do
John Garing, CIO, DISA
Worldwide Cloud Computing market is continuing to grow at a rapid
rate and it is expected to cross US$ 25 Billion by the end of 2013
Marketresearch.com

History of Computing
Main
Frame
Client-
Server
Web
Computing
Clouding
computing
1980 1990 2000 2010 4
Ref: IT Workshop on Cloud Computing
Computing History: Closer Look
It provides computation, software, data access, and storage
services as a utility over a network (typically the Internet)
Do not require end-user knowledge of the physical location and
configuration of the system that delivers the services
Parallel to the electricity grid
The end-users consume power without needing to understand the
component devices or infrastructure required to provide the
service
Computing as a utility is a dream that dates from the
beginning of the computing industry itself.
A way to increase capacity or add capabilities on the fly without
investing in new infrastructure, training new personnel, or licensing
new software.
Cloud computing encompasses any subscription-based or pay-
peruse service that, in real time over the Internet, extends IT's
existing capabilities.
What is Cloud Computing?
From http://geekandpoke.typepad.com

The savior?
A style of computing where massively scalable
(and elastic) IT-related capabilities are provided
as a service to external customers using
Internet technologies.

Whats new? (Gartners Insight)
Whats new?
Acquisition Model:
Based on purchasing
of services
Business Model: Based
on pay for use
Access Model: Over
the Internet to ANY
device
Technical Model:
Scalable, elastic,
dynamic, multi-tenant,
& sharable
Cloud computing providers deliver applications
via the internet, which are accessed from a web
browser, while the business software and data
are stored on servers at a remote location.
The legacy applications
Delivered via a screen-sharing technology, while the
computing resources are consolidated at a remote
data center location
Or the entire business application is coded using
webbased technologies such as AJAX.
CLOUD DELIVERY
The real paradigm shift is in the way in which systems are
deployed
The long-held dream of utility computing become possible
with a pay-as-you-go, infinitely scalable, universally available
system.
You can start very small and become big very fast.
Cloud computing is revolutionary, even if the technology
it is built on is evolutionary.
Not all applications benefit from deployment in the
cloud.
Issues with latency, transaction control, and in particular
security and regulatory compliance are of particular concern.
CLOUD COMPUTING: A PARADIGM SHIFT
Hype Cycle
MASTERING THE HYPE CYCLE: How to Choose the Right Innovation at the Right
Time, Jackie Fenn and Mark Raskino
http://www.gartner.com/it/products/research/media_products/book/
Gartner Hype Cycle: 2011
Gartner Hype Cycle: 2012
Cloud computing has "moved noticeably along the Hype
Cycle since 2011.
2012:
Hybrid Cloud Computing has just entered the Peak of Inflated
Expectations;
Private Cloud Computing has just left the Peak of Inflated
Expectations;
Cloud Computing has just entered the Trough of
Disillusionment.
Cloud computing, together with big data and in-memory
database management systems, are the tipping point
technologies that will make this scenario accessible to
enterprises, governments and consumers.
Cloud in the Cycle: From 2011 to 2012
The Beginning of Cloud Computing
Evolution of Internet Computing
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Ref: Wipro Chennai 2011
Adopted from Krutz & Vines (2010)
ORIGINS OF CLOUD COMPUTING
A short history
The story:
http://www.businessweek.com/stories/20
06-11-12/jeff-bezos-risky-bet
Amazon Story: A risky bet
At 2 a.m. on Aug. 24, a new venture
called Elastic Compute Cloud quietly
launched in test mode. Its service:
cheap, raw computing power that
could be tapped on demand over the
Internet just like electricity. In less than
five hours, hundreds of programmers,
hoping to use the service
One desperate latecomer
instant-messaged a $10,000 offer for a
slot to a lucky winner, who declined to
give it up. "It's really cool," enthuses
entrepreneur Luke Matkins, who will
run his soon-to-launch music site on
the service.
Went from centralized mainframes to distributed desktops and now is
going back to another centralized model: Cloud Computing
Cloud Computing: A circle
Disruptive Technologies & Internet
A closer look: Cloud Computing
What is Cloud Computing?
Cloud computing is a model for enabling
ubiquitous, convenient, on-demand network
access to a shared pool of configurable computing
resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage,
applications, and services) that can be rapidly
provisioned and released with minimal
management effort or service provider
interaction
NIST Definition
Five Characteristics: NIST
On-demand self-service. A consumer can unilaterally provision computing capabilities,
such as server time and network storage, as needed automatically without requiring
human interaction with each service provider.
Broad network access. Capabilities are available over the network and accessed
through standard mechanisms that promote use by heterogeneous thin or thick client
platforms (e.g., mobile phones, tablets, laptops, and workstations).
Resource pooling. The providers computing resources are pooled to serve multiple
consumers using a multi-tenant model, with different physical and virtual resources
dynamically assigned and reassigned according to consumer demand. There is a sense
of location independence in that the customer generally has no control or knowledge
over the exact location of the provided resources but may be able to specify location at
a higher level of abstraction (e.g., country, state, or datacenter). Examples of resources
include storage, processing, memory, and network bandwidth.
Rapid elasticity. Capabilities can be elastically provisioned and released, in some cases
automatically, to scale rapidly outward and inward commensurate with demand. To
the consumer, the capabilities available for provisioning often appear to be unlimited
and can be appropriated in any quantity at any time.
Measured service. Cloud systems automatically control and optimize resource use by
leveraging a metering capability at some level of abstraction appropriate to the type of
service (e.g., storage, processing, bandwidth, and active user accounts). Resource
usage can be monitored, controlled, and reported, providing transparency for both the
provider and consumer of the utilized service.
(Provided by NIST)
Five Cloud Characteristics
Four perspectives, Four attributes
The four dimensions are:
Physical location of the data:
Internal / External
Ownership: Proprietary/Open
Security boundary: Perimeterised /
Deperimiterised
Sourcing: Insourced or Outsourced

THE CLOUD CUBE MODEL
The Cloud Cube Model is meant to show that the traditional notion of a
network boundary being the network's firewall no longer applies in cloud
computing
-JERICHO FORUM
On-demand self-service:.
Broad network access
Resource pooling:
Quality of Service: The Quality of Service (QoS) is something that you
can obtain under contract from your vendor.
Reliability: The scale of cloud computing networks and their ability to
provide load balancing and failover makes them highly reliable, of ten
much more reliable than what you can achieve in a single organization.
Rapid elasticity
Measured service
Lower costs: Because cloud networks operate at higher efficiencies and
with greater utilization, Significant cost reductions are often
encountered.
Ease of utilization: Depending upon the type of service being offered,
you may find that you do not require hardware or software licenses to
implement your service.




BENEFITS OF CLOUD COMPUTING
Not customizable
Less features: ERP Applications deployed on-premises still have many more
features than their cloud counterparts
Latency: All cloud computing applications suffer from the inherent latency
that is intrinsic in their WAN connectivity.
Data Transfer Issues: While cloud computing applications excel at large-scale
processing tasks, if your applications needs large amounts of data transfer,
cloud computing may not be the best model for you.
Additionally, cloud computing is a stateless system, as is the Internet in
general.
That lack of state allows messages to travel over different routes and for
data to arrive out of sequence, and many other characteristics allow the
communication to succeed even when the medium is faulty.
Therefore, to impose transactional coherency upon the system, additional
overhead in the form of service brokers, transaction managers, and other
middleware must be added to the system. This can introduce a very large
performance hit into some applications.
Demerits: Cloud Computing
Concerns of privacy and security. When your data travels over and
rests on systems that are no longer under your control, you have
increased risk due to the interception and malfeasance of others. You
can't count on a cloud provider maintaining your privacy in the face of
government actions.
In the United States, an example is the National Security Agency's
program that ran millions of phone calls from AT&T and Verizon through a
data analyzer to extract the phone calls that matched its security criteria.
VoIP is one of the services that is heavily deployed on cloud computing
systems.
Another example is the case of Google's service in China, which had been
subject to a filter that removed content to which the Chinese government
objected. After five years of operation, and after Google detected that
Chinese hackers were accessing Gmail accounts of Chinese citizens,
Google moved their servers for Google.ch to Hong Kong.
Regulatory compliance Issues
Reliability

Demerits: Cloud Computing (Contd.)
Messaging and team collaboration applications
Cross enterprise integration projects
Infrastructure consolidation, server, and desktop virtualization
efforts
Web 2.0 and social strategy companies
Web content delivery services
Data analytics and computation
Mobility applications for the enterprise
CRM applications
Experimental deployments, test bed labs, and development
efforts
Backup and archival storage
By: Jitendra Pal Thethi, a Principle Architect for Infosys'
Microsoft Technology Group
Top 10 Business Types for Cloud
Virtualization
A layer mapping its visible interface and resources onto the interface and resources
of the underlying layer or system on which it is implemented
Purposes
Abstraction to simplify the use of the underlying resource (e.g., by
removing details of the resources structure)
Replication to create multiple instances of the resource (e.g., to
simplify management or allocation)
Isolation to separate the uses which clients make of the underlying
resources (e.g., to improve security)

Virtual Machine Monitor (VMM)
A virtualization system that partitions a single physical machine into multiple
virtual machines.
Terminology
Host the machine and/or software on which the VMM is implemented
Guest the OS which executes under the control of the VMM
Virtualization
Server consolidation
Run a web server and a mail server on the same physical server
Easier development
Develop critical operating system components (file system, disk
driver) without affecting computer stability
QA
Testing a network product (e.g., a firewall) may require tens of
computers
Try testing thoroughly a product at each pre-release milestone
and have a straight face when your boss shows you the electricity
bill
Cloud computing
The modern buzz-word
Amazon sells computing power
You pay for e.g., 2 CPU cores for 3 hours plus 10GB of network
traffic
Uses of Virtualization (by IBM)
Cloud Computing: Service &
Deployment Models
Two distinct sets of models:
Deployment models (location and management of the
cloud's infrastructure)
Service models that you can access on a cloud
computing platform.

Cloud Computing: Service & Deployment models
A cloud is defined as the combination of the infrastructure of
a datacenter with the ability to provision hardware and
software.
A service that concentrates on hardware follows the
Infrastructure as a Ser vice ( IaaS) mode
Amazon EC2, Eucalyptus, GoGrid, FlexiScale, Linode, RackSpace,
Terremark
When the service requires the client to use a complete
hardware/software/application stack, it is using the most
refined and restrictive service model , called the Plat form as a
Service (PaaS) model.
Force.com, GoGrid Cloud Center, Google AppEngine, Windows
Azure Platform
When you add a software stack, such as an operating system
and applications to the service, the model shifts to the
Software as a Service (SaaS) model .
GoogleApps, Oracle On Demand, SalesForce.com, SQLAzure
Cloud: Service Models
Software as a Service (SaaS). The capability provided to the consumer is to use
the providers applications running on a cloud infrastructure. The applications
are accessible from various client devices through either a thin client interface,
such as a web browser (e.g., web-based email), or a program interface. The
consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure
including network, servers, operating systems, storage, or even individual
application capabilities, with the possible exception of limited user-specific
application configuration settings.
Platform as a Service (PaaS). The capability provided to the consumer is to
deploy onto the cloud infrastructure consumer-created or acquired applications
created using programming languages, libraries, services, and tools supported
by the provider. The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud
infrastructure including network, servers, operating systems, or storage, but has
control over the deployed applications and possibly configuration settings for
the application-hosting environment.
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS). The capability provided to the consumer is to
provision processing, storage, networks, and other fundamental computing
resources where the consumer is able to deploy and run arbitrary software,
which can include operating systems and applications. The consumer does not
manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure but has control over
operating systems, storage, and deployed applications; and possibly limited
control of select networking components (e.g., host firewalls).
Service Models by NIST
Private cloud. The cloud infrastructure is provisioned for exclusive use by a
single organization comprising multiple consumers (e.g., business units). It
may be owned, managed, and operated by the organization, a third party, or
some combination of them, and it may exist on or off premises.
Community cloud. The cloud infrastructure is provisioned for exclusive use by
a specific community of consumers from organizations that have shared
concerns (e.g., mission, security requirements, policy, and compliance
considerations). It may be owned, managed, and operated by one or more of
the organizations in the community, a third party, or some combination of
them, and it may exist on or off premises.
Public cloud. The cloud infrastructure is provisioned for open use by the
general public. It may be owned, managed, and operated by a business,
academic, or government organization, or some combination of them. It exists
on the premises of the cloud provider.
Hybrid cloud. The cloud infrastructure is a composition of two or more
distinct cloud infrastructures (private, community, or public) that remain
unique entities, but are bound together by standardized or proprietary
technology that enables data and application portability (e.g., cloud bursting
for load balancing between clouds).
NIST DEPLOYMENT MODELS
Deployment Models
THE END: CHAPTER 1