The WHO guideline values in Table 4.1 are organized according to specific environments
Hearing Protection 1. CSHOs should determine if an employer has complied with the requirements in Chapter 296-817 WAC, and other industry specific standards that contain hearing protection elements. When permissible noise exposure levels are exceeded, and feasible administrative or engineering controls fail to reduce the noise level to below the PEL, the employer must provide hearing protection to each affected employee. CSHOs shall determine whether employers have identified all affected employees and ensure each employee exposed above permissible noise levels wears appropriate hearing protection. 1.CSHOs perlu menentukan jika majikan telah mematuhi keperluan dalam Bab 296-817 WAC, dan lain piawaian industri tertentu yang mengandungi elemen perlindungan pendengaran. Apabila tahap pendedahan bunyi bising yang dibenarkan dilampaui, dan kawalan pentadbiran atau kejuruteraan yang dilaksanakan gagal untuk mengurangkan tahap bunyi bising di bawah PEL, majikan perlu menyediakan perlindungan pendengaran kepada setiap pekerja terjejas. CSHOs hendaklah menentukan sama ada majikan telah mengenal pasti semua pekerja yang terlibat dan memastikan setiap pekerja terdedah melebihi paras bunyi yang dibenarkan memakai perlindungan pendengaran yang sesuai. DEPARTMENT OF SAFETY AND HEALTH (DOSH) STANDARD FOR NOISE POLLUTION 2. Hearing protection equipment must be replaced as necessary (WAC 296- 817-20015), as all types of PPE have a limited life span. For example, the foam seal on earmuffs, flanges on rubber earplugs, and foam earplugs all lose their elasticity over time. As hearing protectors wear out, their attenuation properties are diminished. Also, the headband on earmuffs can relax so that they no longer provide a snug fit. Although some foam earplugs can be washed several times in mild soap and water, they should usually be changed every day or two, especially in dusty or oily environments. They should not be removed with dirty hands if they are expected to be reused, as reinsertion of dirty earplugs may cause ear infections. 2.Mendengar peralatan perlindungan hendaklah digantikan seperti yang diperlukan (WAC 296-817-20015), kerana semua jenis PPE mempunyai jangka hayat yang terhad. Sebagai contoh, meterai buih pada alat penutup telinga, bebibir pada penyumbat telinga getah, dan penyumbat telinga buih semua kehilangan keanjalan mereka dari masa ke masa. Sebagai pelindung pendengaran haus, hartanah pengecilan mereka berkurangan. Juga, destar pada alat penutup telinga boleh berehat supaya mereka tidak lagi menyediakan patut selesa. Walaupun beberapa penyumbat telinga buih boleh dibasuh beberapa kali dalam sabun lembut dan air, mereka biasanya perlu ditukar setiap hari atau dua, terutama dalam persekitaran yang berhabuk atau berminyak. Mereka tidak perlu dikeluarkan dengan tangan yang kotor jika mereka dijangka akan diguna semula, sebagai reinsertion penyumbat telinga kotor boleh menyebabkan jangkitan telinga. NOISE MEASUREMENT UNIT (DECIBEL) FOR NOISE POLLUTION THE TYPES OF NOISE POLLUTION LEVEL Environment Critical health effect Sound level dB(A)* Time hours Outdoor living areas Annoyance 50 - 55 16 Indoor dwellings Speech intelligibility 35 16 Bedrooms Sleep disturbance 30 8 School classrooms Disturbance of communication 35 During class Industrial, commercial and traffic areas Hearing impairment 70 24 Music through earphones Hearing impairment 85 1 Ceremonies and entertainment Hearing impairment 100 4
Sound Pressure Level And Frequency Sound pressure or acoustic pressure is the local pressure deviation from the ambient (average, or equilibrium) atmospheric pressure caused by a sound wave. Tekanan bunyi atau tekanan akustik ialah agihan tekanan tempatan dari tekanan atmosfera sekeliling (purata, atau keseimbangan) disebabkan oleh gelombang bunyi.
In air, sound pressure can be measured using a microphone, and in water with a hydrophone. The SI unit for sound pressure p is the pascal (symbol: Pa). Sound pressure level (SPL) or sound level is a logarithmic measure of the effective sound pressure of a sound relative to a reference value. It is measured in decibels (dB) above a standard reference level. The commonly used "zero" reference sound pressure in air or other gases is 20 Pa RMS, which is usually considered the threshold of human hearing (at 1 kHz).
Frequency of Sound Sound is the quickly varying pressure wave travelling through a medium. When sound travels through air, the atmospheric pressure varies periodically. The number of pressure variations per second is called the frequency of sound, and is measured in Hertz (Hz) which is defined as cycles per second. The higher the frequency, the more high-pitched a sound is perceived. The sounds produced by drums have much lower frequencies than those produced by a whistle. NOISE POLLUTION IN INDUSTRY AND CONSTRUCTION AREA Industrial Noise In practice, noise limits for industrial activities are often specified having regard to the principles contained in the EPA Guidance Note for Noise in Relation to Scheduled Activities - 2nd Edition, the International Standard ISO 1996: Parts 1, 2, & 3 Description and Measurement of Environmental Noise, and BS 4142: 1997 Rating Industrial Noise Affecting Mixed Residential and Industrial Areas.
Construction Noise Noise generated by construction activities particularly in urban areas can impact on any adjacent residential and indeed commercial areas, such impacts can be even more severe at night. Construction site noise can also be a health hazard for those who are working on site.
Construction Activity Sound pressure in dB(A) Rock drill 110 7hp road roller on concrete at 10m 100 Scaffold dismantling at 10m 80 5hp power float at 7m 70 Typical office 60 Traffic And Transportation To Noise Pollution The main sources of traffic noise are the cars, autos , trucks, buses, and motorcycles. elevated noise levels can create stress. increase workplace accident rates. stimulating aggression and other anti-social behaviors. In Norway, road traffic has been demonstrated to cause almost 80% of the noise annoyances reported. One in five Europeans is regularly exposed to sound levels at night that could significantly damage health.
DOMESTIC AREA Noise nuisance (domestic) Noisy neighbours are a common source of nuisance, main noise complaints involve barking dogs, loud music or TV, shouting, banging doors DIY activities, domestic electrical equipment, fireworks, ventilation, or air conditioning equipment. Some domestic noise sources, such as power tools and air conditioning units have mandated noise levels that they must meet. A number of common domestic noise sources may cause an environmental nuisance. IDENTIFY THE EFFECTS OF NOISE POLLUTION TO AUDITORY The main auditory effects include: Acoustic trauma: Sudden hearing damage caused by short burst of extremely loud noise such as a gun shot. Tinnitus: Ringing or buzzing in the ear. Temporary hearing loss: Also known as temporary threshold shift (TTS) which occurs immediately after exposure to a high level of noise. There is gradual recovery when the affected person spends time in a quiet place. Complete recovery may take several hours. Permanent hearing loss: Permanent hearing loss, also known as permanent threshold shift (PTS), progresses constantly as noise exposure continues month after month and year after year. The hearing impairment is noticeable only when it is substantial enough to interfere with routine activities. At this stage, a permanent and irreversible hearing damage has occurred. Noise-induced hearing damage cannot be cured by medical treatment and worsens as noise exposure continues. When noise exposure stops, the person does not regain the lost hearing sensitivity. As the employee ages, hearing may worsen as "age-related hearing loss" adds to the existing noise- induced hearing loss.
JUSTIFY HUMAN HEARING DAMAGE AND HEARING MECHANISM Hearing loss Mekanisme kehilangan pendengaran timbul daripada trauma kepada stereocilia daripada koklea, struktur cecair utama diisi telinga Pinna digabungkan dengan telinga tengah menguatkan tahap tekanan bunyi dengan faktor dua puluh, supaya bunyi yang sangat tinggi tahap tekanan tiba di koklea, walaupun dari sederhana rangsangan bunyi atmosfera. Asas patologi koklea adalah spesis oksigen reaktif, yang memainkan peranan penting dalam nekrosis bunyi-teraruh dan apoptosis daripada stereocilia. Pendedahan kepada tahap bunyi bising yang tinggi mempunyai kesan yang berbeza di kalangan penduduk yang diberikan, dan penglibatan spesies oksigen reaktif mencadangkan cara yang mungkin untuk merawat atau mencegah kerosakan kepada pendengaran dan struktur sel yang berkaitan. Paras bunyi tinggi menyebabkan trauma kepada struktur koklea dalam telinga, yang menimbulkan kehilangan pendengaran tidak dapat dipulihkan. Satu bunyi yang sangat kuat dalam julat frekuensi tertentu boleh merosakkan sel-sel rambut koklea yang bertindak balas kepada pelbagai itu, sekali gus mengurangkan telinga ini keupayaan untuk mendengar frekuensi yang pada masa akan datang, Walau bagaimanapun, bunyi yang kuat di mana-mana julat frekuensi mempunyai kesan yang merosakkan seluruh rangkaian seluruh pendengaran manusia. Bahagian luar telinga (bahagian kelihatan telinga manusia) digabungkan dengan telinga tengah menguatkan paras bunyi dengan faktor 20 apabila bunyi sampai telinga.
Cross Section Of The Inner Ear Noise Pollution To Interruption Of Human Communications Noise comes to the level of pollution while it interferes with human communication. Noise pollution interferes with the ability to comprehend normal speech and may lead to a number of personal disabilities, handicaps, and behavioral changes. Disruption of communication in the classroom, and impaired academic performance.
Noise can disrupt the communication such as direct conversation or by telephone
Communication disorders Feeling less comfortable talking Perhaps misinterpreting instructions,
non impropriety in doing tasks such as; During learning sessions, meetings, announcements, instructions, gathering
IDENTIFY THE EFFECTS OF NOISE POLLUTION TO NON-AUDITORY The Effect Of Human Health And Work Quality Sound effects are related to health and natural behavior. This unwanted sound can damage physiological health and animal physiology. Pressure and hypertension is a major cause of health problems, where the ear buzzing or 'tinnitus' which can cause a person to suffer from memory problems, severe depression and panic attacks are unpredictable. High noise levels can contribute to cardiovascular effects and exposure to moderately high levels during the eight hours can result in statistically significant increase in blood pressure of five to ten points. Increased stress or 'vasoconstrictionalso led to and "vasoconstriction" lead to increased blood pressure as well as increased incidence of coronary artery disease. Noise can also affect the level of efficiency in performing a job. The work requires creativity, conversation or routine work that requires constant speed very easily affected by noise and thus result in the occurrence of many mistakes. Outdoor Activities That Can Cause Noise Pollution The source of most outdoor noise worldwide is mainly construction and transportation systems, including motor vehicle noise, aircraft noise and rail noise. Poor urban planning may give rise to noise pollution, since side-by-side industrial and residential buildings can result in noise pollution in the residential area. Outdoor noise is summarized by the word environmental noise. In big cities ,increased risk of disturbed sleep patterns and high blood pressure. Bursting of a firecracker near the ear can lead sometimes to non-recoverable hearing loss. High noise levels can contribute to cardiovascular effects in humans, a rise in blood pressure, and an increase in stress and vasoconstriction, and an increased incidence of coronary artery disease. In children, chronic aircraft noise exposure impairs reading comprehension and long-term memory and may be associated with raised blood pressure. In animals, noise can increase the risk of death by altering predator or prey detection and avoidance, interfere with reproduction and navigation, and contribute to permanent hearing loss.
Acoustics is the interdisciplinary science that deals with the study of all mechanical waves in gases, liquids, and solids including vibration, sound, ultrasound and infrasound. acoustic privacy - (uh.KOO.stik PRY.vuh.see) n. A state or condition in which external sounds are reduced or eliminated. An in-field determination of audio privacy between two points takes into account all relevant coustical factors. These factors include (1) the loudness of speech, music, or machines; (2) the sound attenuation of intervening distance, walls, ceilings, floors, doors, ducts, windows, piping, etc.; (3) the level of background sound at each listening location; and (4) the listeners ability to electronically filter and recover speech signals buried in background noise.
Explain Acoustics Privacy Identify The Property Loss Noise can cause property and environmental damage, especially when sonic booms are involved. For example, Bragdon (1972) asserts that people who live near airports not only complain about sleep disruption, but that they also report damage to their homes due to subsonic commercial flights. Vibrations can also become a problem, especially if you are close to quarries, mines or tunnels. Humans can detect very low level vibrations and they can cause damage to property.
Distinguish The Effects On Natural Environment To Aesthetic Values Environmental - noise can have a notable impact on the natural environment, for example noise may alter birds breeding patterns, disturb wildlife and damage sensitive ecosystems.
Apply Noise Mitigation To Overcome Noise Pollution Noise control or noise mitigation is a set of strategies to reduce noise pollution or to reduce the impact of that noise, whether outdoors or indoors. The main areas of noise mitigation or abatement are: transportation noise control, architectural design, urban planning through zoning codes, [1] and occupational noise control. Roadway noise and aircraft noise are the most pervasive sources of environmental noise worldwide, and little change has been effected in source control in these areas. Multiple techniques have been developed to address interior sound levels, many of which are encouraged by local building codes; in the best case of project designs, planners are encouraged to work with design engineers to examine trade-offs of roadway design and architectural design. These techniques include design of exterior walls, party walls, and floor and ceiling assemblies.
Mitigating measures to control excessive noise levels at the construction site: Replace the machinery or equipment that produces noise quieter Protect recipients/employees with silencer. Createa quieter machine for piling. Install noise barriers around the construction site.
Explain The Parameter In Noise Pollution Measurement Noise Measuring Devices
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is the international body that decides the technical specification of noise measuring instruments such as sound level meter and dosimeter because standardizing the technical values are important, so that incorrect measurements of different noise measuring instruments can be avoided.
Sound Level Meter It is also called 'an exponentially averaging sound level meter' because the AC (alternating current) signal from the microphone is converted into DC (direct current) by a RMS (root mean square) circuit.
Sound Pressure Level (SPL) is the measure used in sound level meter for calculating the noise. The formula for calculating SPL is -
Noise Dosimeter Dosimeter is used in places where the noise level is varying and not continuous. When the meter is powered, the display annunciators such as dose, criterion level (Lc), threshold level (Lt) and exchange rate (ER) are switched on. The noise level exposure of an employee working for more than 8 hours per day can be calculated by using the formula below :
LAeq8h = LAeq + 10 log10 [T/8] where,
LAeq is the equivalent continuous A weighted sound pressure level measured over a period of time. T, represents the number of shift hours of a worker in an industry.
Microphones Condenser microphones, dynamic microphones and ceramic microphones are some of the devices that are used to measure noise levels. Condenser microphone measurement ranges from 0.01 Hz to 140 KHz.
Noise Level Analyzer It is a device that is used for monitoring and measuring environmental noise due to traffic in roads, aircraft noise in airports and other noises where statistical information is required.
EXPLAIN THE CONTROL OF NOISE AT SOURCE The main areas of noise mitigation or abatement are: transportation noise control, architectural design, urban planning through zoning codes, [1] and occupational noise control.
Noise control techniques include: Sound insulation: prevent the transmission of noise by the introduction of a mass barrier. Common materials have high-density properties such as brick, thick glass, concrete, metal etc. Sound absorption: a porous material which acts as a noise sponge by converting the sound energy into heat within the material. Common sound absorption materials include decoupled lead-based tiles, open cell foams and fiberglass Vibration damping: applicable for large vibrating surfaces. The damping mechanism works by extracting the vibration energy from the thin sheet and dissipating it as heat. A common material is sound deadened steel. Vibration isolation: prevents transmission of vibration energy from a source to a receiver by introducing a flexible element or a physical break. Common vibration isolators are springs, rubber mounts, cork etc.
EXPLAIN THE CONTROL OF NOISE TRANSMISSION Increase The Pathway Distance Soundproofing Techniques - soundproofing treatment of the walls, by covering with absorbent materials such as: porous materials (polyurethane foam with open pores, mineral foam, rigid mineral foam and expanded - foam of clay); fibrous material (glass wool); closed-cell materials (expanded polystyrene).
Noise Barrier Since the early 1970s, it has become common practice in the United States and other industrialized countries to engineer noise barriers along major highways to protect adjacent residents from intruding roadway noise. The technology exists to predict accurately the optimum geometry for the noise barrier design. Noise barriers may be constructed of wood, masonry, earth or a combination thereof. EXPLAIN THE PROTECTION OF EXPOSED PERSON Protection From The Receiver Prevention of individuals who are affected with the noise by taking them insulated areas or make them use ear protectors. These measures do not reduce the noise but protect the individuals. Its protection in soundproof cabin. The personal protection on noise pollution in industrial environments is achieved by using special systems called earplugs.
INDUSTRIAL NOISE CONTROL Acousting Quieting Acoustic quieting is the process of making machinery quieter by damping vibrations to prevent them from reaching the observer. Machinery vibrates, causing sound waves in air, hydroacoustic waves in water, and mechanical stresses in solid matter. Quieting is achieved by absorbing the vibrational energy or minimizing the source of the vibration or redirected away from the observer. Sound isolation: Noise isolation is isolating noise to prevent it from transferring out of one area, using barriers like deadening materials to trap sound and vibrational energy. Example: In home and office construction, many builders place sound-control barriers (such as fiberglass batting) in walls to deaden the transmission of noise through them. Mechanical,isolation Technique The mechanisms of reproductive isolation or hybridization barriers are a collection of mechanisms, behaviors and physiological processes that prevent the members of two different species that cross or mate from producing offspring, or which ensure that any offspring that may be produced is not fertile. These barriers maintain the integrity of a species over time, reducing or directly impeding gene flow between individuals of different species, allowing the conservation of each species characteristics.
Acoustical Absorption Acoustic absorption refers to a material, structure or object absorbing sound energy when sound waves collide with it, as opposed to reflecting the energy. Part of the absorbed energy is transformed into heat and part is transmitted. The energy transformed into heat is said to have been 'lost'.
When sound from a loudspeaker collides with the walls of a room part of the sound's energy is reflected and part is absorbed into the walls. As the waves travel through the wall they deform the material thereof (just like they deformed the air before). This deformation has mechanical losses which convert part of the sound energy into heat through acoustic attenuation, mostly due to the wall's viscosity. The same attenuating mechanics apply for the air and any other medium through which sound travels.