MEKANIKA PATAHAN

DAN ANALISA
KEGAGALAN
(Fracture Mechanics and Failure Analysis)
F111 cracks
During word war II 2700 Liberty
ships built
400 fracture
90 serious
20 total failure
10 broke completely in two
Why Are Materials So Weak?
Materials are never perfect. Macroscopically homogeneous
specimens contain microscopic flaws or defects, which concentrate
the stress. We could argue that the stress is concentrated sufficiently
at the tip of the flaw that the local stress exceeds the theoretical
strength.
Fracture: separation of an article into two or more parts
What is engineering fracture mechanics?
Fracture mechanics???
Correlation between strength of material
and fracture mechanics
Correlation between strength of material
and fracture mechanics
Crack growth and residual strength curve
crack si ze
cycl es
ti me
resi dual
strength
crack si ze
ti me
design strength
expected hi ghest
servi ce load
normal servi ce
l oad
fai l ure
may
occur
fai l ure
a b
Question ??
What is the residual stress as function of crack size?
What is critical crack size?
How long does it take for a crack to grow from certain initial size to
the critical size?
What size of pre-existing flaw can be permitted at the moment the
structure starts its service life?
How often should the structure be inspected for cracks?

(ref: D. Broek, Elementary engineering fracture mechanics)
Mechanical Behaviour of Materials
Basics (stress & strain, elasticity)
Plasticity (yield criteria, hardening, instability)
Fracture Mechanics
KI, crack tip plasticity, G, J integral, CTOD
Fracture Toughness
ductile & brittle fracture, effect of microstructure
Fatigue (crack propagation & initiation)
Environment-Assisted Cracking (mechanisms in metals & polymers, test methods)

The broad field of fracture mechanics
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T
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f racture
f racture processes
and criteria
plasticity testing applications
meters
materials science engineering
applied mechanics
f racture mechanics
Historical review of fracture mechanics
analysis
1920 Energy Balance (Griffith)
1944 Application to brittle fracture of metals (Zener & Hollomon)
1948 Energy Release Rate (Irwin)
1955 Stress-Intensity approach (Irwin)
1960 Correction for plasticity (Irwin, Dugdale)
1961 Crack Opening Displacement (COD) concept (Wells)
1968 J integral (Rice)
1969 Local fracture criteria (Rice)
1979 Description of crack growth (Paris)
1983 Failure Assessment Diagram (Bloom)
1993 Constraint-based fracture mechanics

Fracture mechanics concept
The flaw concept was suggested by Griffith and although it provided a
major conceptual advance, it still did not adequately describe the
cracking process.
The Inglis solution the stress, , at the tip of an elliptical hole

Habibie:
Retardation factor to predict crack
propagation (stress intensity factor
and material properties)

Fracture mechanics
Fracture mechanics

Fracture mechanics

Fracture Mechanics and Failure Analysis