Gas Turbine Technologies

for Electric Generation

by
Rob Shepard, P.E.
www.Neel-Schaffer.com
rob.shepard@neel-schaffer.com
2
Gas Turbine Basics
Gas Turbines
Types
How They Work
Applications
Components of Plant
Flow Paths
Operation
3
Gas Turbine Applications
Simple Cycle
Combined Cycle
Cogeneration
4
Types of Gas Turbine Plants
Simple Cycle
Operate When Demand is High Peak Demand
Operate for Short / Variable Times
Designed for Quick Start-Up
Not designed to be Efficient but Reliable
Not Cost Effective to Build for Efficiency
Combined Cycle
Operate for Peak and Economic Dispatch
Designed for Quick Start-Up
Designed to Efficient, Cost-Effective Operation
Typically Has Ability to Operate in SC Mode
5
The energy contained in a flowing ideal gas
is the sum of enthalpy and kinetic energy.
Pressurized gas can store or release energy.
As it expands the pressure is converted to
kinetic energy.
Principles of
Operation
Open Cycle
Also referred to as simple cycle)
Link to picture
6
Brayton Cycle Gas Turbine Cycle
7
Thermodynamic Fundamentals
Pressure Ratio &
CT Components
8
Combustion or Gas Turbine
9
Principles of Operation
Compressor
As air flows into the compressor, energy is transferred from its
rotating blades to the air. Pressure and temperature of the air
increase.
Most compressors operate in the range of 75% to 85% efficiency.

Combustor
The purpose of the combustor is to increase the energy stored in
the compressor exhaust by raising its temperature.

Turbine
The turbine acts like the compressor in reverse with respect to
energy transformation.
Most turbines operate in the range of 80% to 90% efficiency.
10
Principles of Operation
Overall Energy Transformations (Thermal Efficiency)
Useful Work = Energy released in turbine minus energy absorbed by
compressor.

The compressor requires typically approximately 50% of the energy released by
the turbine.

Overall Thermal Efficiency =
Useful Work/Fuel Chemical Energy *100

Typical overall thermal efficiencies of a combustion turbine are 20% - 40%.

11
Gas Turbine Applications
Simple Cycle
Link to picture
12
Simple Cycle Power Plant
Westinghouse 501D5 340 MW
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Combined Cycle Power Plant
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Combined Cycle Plant Design
GT PRO 13.0 Drew Wozniak
1512 10-13-2004 23:27:31 file=C:\Tflow13\MYFILES\3P 0 70.gtp

Net Power 95959 kW
LHV Heat Rate 7705 BTU/kWh
p[psia], T[F], M[kpph], Steam Properties: Thermoflow - STQUIK
4.717 m
Fogger
1X GE 6581B 2 X GT
33781 kW
12.54 p
90 T
30 %RH
944 m
4327 ft elev.
12.39 p
68 T
948.7 m
Natural gas 18.58 m
96 T 77 T
LHV 369671 kBTU/h
149.2 p
684 T
143.2 p
2072 T
967.3 m
12.93 p
1034 T
1934.6 M
73.85 %N2
13.53 %O2
3.233 %CO2+SO2
8.497 %H2O
0.8894 %Ar
1031 T
1934.6 M
1031 897 569 568 538 534 481 419 326 268
268 T
1934.6 M
30813 kW
0.1296 M
FW
1.694 p
120 T
222.1 M
120 T
Natural gas
0 M
122 T
292.6 M
122 T
17.19 p
220 T

2
9
.
5
8

M
17.19 p
220 T
29.65 M
LPB

2
9
.
6
5

M

2
9
2
.
6

M
203.6 p
373 T
292.6 M
IPE2
203.6 p
383 T
36.75 M
IPB
199.7 p
460 T
36.75 M
IPS1
195.8 p
500 T
36.75 M
IPS2
924.2 p
472 T
251.1 M
HPE2
910.5 p
523 T
251.1 M
HPE3
910.5 p
533 T
248.6 M
HPB1
879.8 p
954 T
248.6 M
HPS3
850 p
950 T
248.6 M

8
7
9
.
8

p

9
5
4

T
6.89 M
183 p 375 T 70 M V4
26.36 M
1
9
5
.
8

p

5
9
7

T
V8
6.89 M
15
Gas Turbine Components
Compressor Combustor - Turbine
16
Gas Turbine Components & Systems (contd)
Combustion System
Silo, Cannular, Annular
Water, Steam, DLN
Turbine
Multiple Shaft, Single
Shaft
Number of Stages
Material and
Manufacturing
Processes
Exhaust System
Simple Cycle Stack
Transition to HRSG
Generator
Open-Air cooled
TEWAC
Hydrogen Cooled
Starting Systems
Diesel
Motor
Static
Paper Towel thru
compressor
17
Combustion Turbine Fuels
Conventional Fuels
Natural Gas
Liquid Fuel Oil
Nonconventional Fuels
Crude Oil
Refinery Gas
Propane
Synthetic Fuels
Chemical Process
Physical Process
18
GE Combustion Turbine Comparisons
19
Parameter Heavy Duty Aero-Derivative
Capital Cost, $/kW Lower Higher
Capacity, MW 10 - 330 5 100
Efficiency Lower Higher
Plan Area Size Larger Smaller
Maintenance Requirements Lower Higher
Technological Development Lower Higher


Advanced Heavy-Duty Units
Advanced Aeroderivative Units
Gas Turbine Types
20
Gas Turbine Major Sections
Air Inlet
Compressor
Combustion System
Turbine
Exhaust
Support Systems
21
Gas Turbine Barrier Inlet Filter Systems
22
Gas Turbine Pulse Inlet Filter System
23
Inlet Guide Vanes
24
Inlet Guide Vanes
25
Gas Turbine Compressor Rotor Assembly
26
6B Gas Turbine
27
Gas Turbine Cut Away Side View

28
Gas Turbine Combustor Arrangement

29
Frame 5 GT
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GE LM2500 Aeroderivative Gas Turbine
Compressor
Compressor
Turbine
Section
Power
Turbine
Section
31
FT4 Gas Turbine
32
FT4 Gas Turbine Gas Generator (Compressor)
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FT4 Gas Turbine Gas Generator (Compressor)
34
FT4 Gas Turbine Free Turbine
35
FT4 Gas Turbine Free Turbine Gas Path
36
FT4 Gas Generator Performance
37
FT4 Free Turbine Performance
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Aeroderivative Versus Heavy Duty Combustion
Turbines
Aeroderivatives
Higher Pressure Ratios and Firing Temperatures Result
in Higher Power Output per Pound of Air Flow
Smaller Chilling/Cooling Systems Required
Compressor Inlet Temperature Has a Greater Impact on
Output and Heat Rate
Benefits of Chilling/Cooling Systems are More
Pronounced

39
Typical Simple Cycle CT Plant Components
Prime Mover (Combustion Turbine)
Fuel Supply & Preparation
Emissions Control Equipment
Generator
Electrical Switchgear
Generator Step Up Transformer
Starting System (Combustion Turbines)
Auxiliary Cooling
Fire Protection
Lubrication System

40
Typical Peaking Plant Components
Lube Oil System GSU Generator
Fire Protection Starting Engine Switchgear / MCC
41
Combining the Brayton and Rankine Cycles
Gas Turbine Exhaust used as the heat source for the Steam
Turbine cycle
Utilizes the major efficiency loss from the Brayton cycle
Advantages:
Relatively short cycle to design, construct & commission
Higher overall efficiency
Good cycling capabilities
Fast starting and loading
Lower installed costs
No issues with ash disposal or coal storage
Disadvantages
High fuel costs
Uncertain long term fuel source
Output dependent on ambient temperature
42
Picture courtesy of Nooter/Eriksen
How does a Combined Cycle Plant Work?
43
Combined Cycle Heat Balance
44
Combined Cycles Today
Plant Efficiency ~ 58-60 percent
Biggest losses are mechanical input to the compressor and heat in the
exhaust
Steam Turbine output
Typically 50% of the gas turbine output
More with duct-firing
Net Plant Output (Using Frame size gas turbines)
up to 750 MW for 3 on 1 configuration
Up to 520 MW for 2 on 1 configuration
Construction time about 24 months
Engineering time 80k to 130k labor hours
Engineering duration about 12 months
Capital Cost ($900-$1100/kW)
Two (2) versus Three (3) Pressure Designs
Larger capacity units utilize the additional drums to gain efficiency at
the expense of higher capital costs
45
Combined Cycle Efficiency
Simple cycle efficiency (max ~ 44%*)
Combined cycle efficiency (max ~58-60%*)
Correlating Efficiency to Heat Rate (British Units)
h= 3412/(Heat Rate) --> 3412/h = Heat Rate*
Simple cycle 3412/.44 = 7,757 Btu/Kwh*
Combined cycle 3412/.58 = 5,884 Btu/Kwh*
Correlating Efficiency to Heat Rate (SI Units)
h= 3600/(Heat Rate) --> 3600/h = Heat Rate*
Simple cycle 3600/.44 = 8,182 KJ/Kwh*
Combined cycle 3600/.58 = 6,207 KJ/Kwh*
Practical Values
HHV basis, net output basis
Simple cycle 7FA (new and clean) 10,860 Btu/Kwh (11,457 KJ/Kwh)
Combined cycle 2x1 7FA (new and clean) 6,218 Btu/Kwh (6,560 KJ/Kwh)

*Gross LHV basis
46
Gas Turbine Generator Performance
Factors that Influence Performance
Fuel Type, Composition, and Heating Value
Load (Base, Peak, or Part)
Compressor Inlet Temperature
Atmospheric Pressure
Inlet Pressure Drop
Varies significantly with types of air cleaning/cooling
Exhaust Pressure Drop
Affected by addition of HRSG, SCR, CO catalysts
Steam or Water Injection Rate
Used for either power augmentation or NO
x
control
Relative Humidity
47
Altitude Correction
48
Humidity Correction
49
Cogeneration Plant
A Cogeneration Plant
Power generation facility that also provides
thermal energy (steam) to a thermal host.
Typical thermal hosts
paper mills,
chemical plants,
refineries, etc
potentially any user that uses large quantities of
steam on a continuous basis.
Good applications for combined cycle plants
Require both steam and electrical power
50
Major Combined Cycle Plant Equipment
Combustion Turbine (CT/CTG)
Steam Generator (Boiler/HRSG)
Steam Turbine (ST/STG)
Heat Rejection Equipment
Air Quality Control System (AQCS) Equipment
Electrical Equipment

51
Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG)
52
Steam Turbine
GE D11
53
Same Function as
discussed earlier in
Session 9
Usually utilizes a
cooling tower to
reject heat to the
atmosphere
Rarely uses once
through cooling
(retrofit applications
or ocean)
Heat Rejection Equipment - Condenser
54
Questions?
Rob Shepard
Neel-Schaffer, Inc.
www.Neel-Schaffer.com
rob.shepard@neel-schaffer.com