Chapter 5

MOTION
Prepared by: En. Shafie Bin Buyamin
5.1: Analysing the Motion of Vehicles
on Land
Bicycle:
- Pedals turns crank
- Sprockets in chainwheels move chain
- Cog turns the rear wheel
- Bicycle moving forward
Vehicle Without Engine
Crank
Pedal
Chain
Cog
Handlebar
Front-mounted
Gasoline-burning engine
Front-wheel drive
Vehicle With Engine
Vehicle with Engine
Four-Stroke Petrol Engine
Piston move down
Intake valve open
Draws in air and fuel
1. Intake stroke
car
Intake valve close
Piston goes up
Compress fuel and air
Heat the mixture
Spark plug ignites
2. Compression stroke
Spark ignites fuel
Fuel burns
Hot gases expand
Force piston downward
3. Power stroke
Exhaust valve opens
Piston rise
Push out waste through
exhaust valve
4. Exhaust stroke
Car
Four-Stroke Diesel Engine
Piston move down
Intake valve open
Draws in air and fuel
1. Intake stroke
Larger vehicle: bus, truck
Intake valve close
Piston goes up
Compress air
Heat the air
2. Compression stroke
Diesel forced into
cylinder
Fuel burns without spark
3. Power stroke
Exhaust valve opens
Piston move up
Push out waste through
exhaust valve
4. Exhaust stroke
Bus
Truck
Two-Stroke Petrol Engine
Mixture of fuel and air compressed
Spark plug ignite
Air and fuel burns
Explosion pushed piston downward
Compress air and fuel in crankcase
Piston at bottom, exhaust port exposed
Exhaust gases out

1. Upstroke
Lower-power application: motorcycles, lawn mower
Piston at bottom, intake port exposed
Pressure of mixture in crankcase
Mixture rushes into cylinder
Piston back towards spark plug (compression
stroke)
Vacuum in crankcase
Opens the reed valve: sucks in air and fuel from
carburettor
Spark plug ignites again
Cycle repeated
2. Downstroke
Motorcycle
Lawn mowers
The relationship between the structure and operation of the
engine and the movement of vehicles
Cylinder block: Have pumps, pulleys,
cylinder cavities
Cylinder cavities which piston moves
Car have 2,3,5, 12 or 24 cylinder
More cylinder = more power
Combustion of engine creating gas
Push piston up ad down
Creates engine power
Transferred to drive shaft of wheel
Via gear box
Car move
5.2: Speed, Velocity and Acceleration
Speed (laju): - How fast an object moves
- No direction
Average speed = Distance (metre)
Time (second)
= m/s
= ms
-1
Velocity (halaju):
Distance travelled in a given time in a particular direction
Velocity = Distance (metre)
Time (second)

= in particular direction
Example: Boy running at 4 m/s to the south
Acceleration (Pecutan):
An object accelerates or decelerates where there
is a change of speed or velocity
Acceleration = Change in velocity (m/s)
Time taken (s)

Example: Final velocity initial velocity
Time taken
= 9 0
3
= 9 = 3 m/s
2
3

Acceleration
Unit = meter per second per second (m/s
2
)

When acceleration negative
= decelerates
5.3 : Inertia
= Property of an object that resist any
change in its motion

Depend on weight
- Heavy object harder to move / stop
Negative effect
- Injury like in car accident
Positive effect
- Activity like to hammer
Application of inertia
5.4 : Momentum
= Multiplication of an objects mass with its
velocity
Momentum = mass x velocity
Example: 2.5 kg toy car moving at velocity 4 m/s
Momentum = 2.5 kg x 4 m/s
= 10 kgm/s
Momentum depend on mass & velocity

Greater the mass = greater momentum
Greater the velocity = greater momentum
Conservation of Momentum
The law of conservation of momentum


Momentum depend on mass & velocity

Greater the mass = greater momentum
Greater the velocity = greater momentum
The total amount
of momentum
before collision
The total amount
of momentum
after collision
=
Momentum in daily lives
Example:
- Design cars that can absorb momentum
during collision
- Front and rear part easily crush
- Extend time of impact
- People in the car absorb less momentum
Cars absorb momentum during collision
5.5 : Pressure
Force exerted over a given area




Unit = N/m
2

Example: force is 1200 N pushes on area of
4m
2
1200 = 300 N/m
2

4
Pressure = force (N)
area (m
2
)
P = F
A
5.6: The Principles of Hydraulic System in
Everyday Life
Gases and liquids = fluids (bendalir)
Can change shape with container
Pressure inside acts outwards in all
direction
Gas can be compressed
Liquid cannot be compressed
- Pressure equally transmitted in all direction
Pascals Principle
The principle of transmission of liquids
states:

Pressure is transmitted equally in all
directions
Hydraulic System
Total output force larger than input
Larger size of surface output piston
Lift heavy object
Output column 100x of input column
From Pascals principle
The input pressure = The output pressure
P input = P output

F input = F output
A input A output

Pressure X = Pressure Y , Pressure = Force
Area
Force X = Force Y
Area X Area Y


Because Area Y is 100 times larger than Area X,

Force X = Force Y
Area X 100 x Area X

Force Y = Force X
100 x Area X Area X

Force Y x (100 x Area X) = Force X x (100 x Area X)
100 x Area X Area X

Force Y = Force X x 100

Force Y = 100 Force X
10 N on input piston = 1000 N force on the output column.
Can lift the car using hydraulic system.
Tipper Lorry
Excavator (Jengkaut)
5.7 : The Motion of Vehicles in Water
Upthrust : Force of water that pushes upward

V-shaped and curved boat raises the boat up, faster and
reduce drag



Hydrofoil Hovercraft
Boat
Submarine
Aircraft Carrier
Archimedes Principle
The upthrust acting on an object is equal to
the weight of the fluid that object displaces
Application on ships and submarine
Submarine
Float
sinks
When ballast tank
Opened, Sea water
enters. Submarine
begins to sink
5.8 : Vehicle in the Air
1. Hot balloon / gas balloon: Hot air less dense,
float in air
2. Aeroplane :
- Aerofoil ( air flow along wings, lift upward)
3. Jet engine: mixture of air and fuel burns. Push
forward
4. Helicopter: Blades spin, overcome weight and
lift
5. Rockets:
- Combustion chamber (mix of fuel and
oxygen)
- Burnt and push upwards
Hot Balloon
Jet
Helicopter
Rocket
Rocket Engine
Rockets and Jets Engines
Similarities

Principle of conservation of momentum
Hot gases pushed backward, vehicle
pushed forward
Rockets and Jets Engines
Differences
Rockets Jet Engines
Carry oxygen Oxygen from air
Travel outer space Not outer space
Thrust by combustion of
fuel and liquid oxygen
Thrust by compressing
and pushing surrounding
air using turbines
Bernoullis Principle
When fluid moves with high velocity, its
pressure reduced or vice versa
Aerofoil
Pressure on top reduce,
Generate upthrust / lift
Aeroplane
Glider
5.9: Appreciating the ability and creativity of mankind in
inventing and designing vehicles
for the betterment of life
Practice good habits in handling vehicles
Practice caring attitudes when using public
transport system