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March 2013 Training Pack

Training on Waxy Wells Management


Presented by
Tope Tunde
PT Principal WRFM

Slide 2
Theory of Wax Deposition
Anomalous Behaviour of Waxy Wells
Tools for preventing Wax deposition
Waxy Wells Intervention Techniques
Case Histories
Application of Geochemistry for Identification of Waxy Wells
Outline
Slide 3
Theory of Wax Deposition in the Tubing
Pressure










Temperature


Wax
+
Liquid Liquid
Wax
+
Liquid
+
Vapour
Liquid + Vapour

Bubble Point Curve
Wax-Precipitation Envelope
Slide 4
Theory of Wax Deposition in the Tubing
Biodegradation
The tubing wall must be below the cloud point
A negative radial temperature gradient
Adequate wall friction for wax crystals to stick
Molecular Diffusion
Shear Dispersion
Gravity Settling
Brownian Diffusion
Conditions for wax deposition:
The processes driving Wax Deposition:
Slide 5
Anomalous Behaviour of Waxy Wells
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Slide 6
Anomalous Behaviour of Waxy Wells
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Slide 7
Tools for reducing wax deposition
In the tubing
Magnetic Fluid Conditioner (MFC) (P)
The MFC is based on use of a magnetic field to reduce wax build-up. There is no sound physical basis of why it would prevent wax deposits. Wax
is fully a non-polar and magnetism no effect on wax crystallization whatsoever.
Silver Hawg (SH) (P)
The SH is based on an alloy composition that provides electrons to the crude in a catalytic manner to reduce the electron deficiencies in the crude.
There is no sound physical basis why an electrostatic charge will have effect on a non-polar, non-ionic species like paraffins.
In the flowline
Glassfibre Reinforced Epoxy (GRE) Flowline
GRE has lower thermal conductivity than steel and might provide some small insulating effects; it is smoother (at least initially) than steel and
deposits might be less adhesive. It waxed-up against our expectation.
Pigging (R)
Slide 8
Waxy Wells Intervention Techniques
Traditional Methods
Periodic Wax Cutting Mechanical scratcher (R)
Solvent Dewaxing solvent soak (R)

New Approach
High rate: high THT & turbulent flow (P, R)
Commingling with HBSW wells (P, R)
Conservation of heat energy: Nitrogen Annular Insulation (next slide on modelling) (P)
Coiled tubing + Jet blaster (uses less chemical) (R)
Open-up sequence + wax cutting schedule

Slide 9
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Brine
Nitrogen
Annular Insulation Model
Slide 10
New Approach to Waxy Wells Surveillance

Case Histories
Slide 11
Res. Interval Status
Bn Gross Oil GOR
GOR /
Rsi
BSW Bn Gross Oil GOR
GOR /
Rsi
BSW
1/64 bpd bopd scf/stb % 1/64 bpd bopd scf/stb %
F7.0M 003L FTL 32 1794 1,794 3,802 2 0 16 0 0 1,794
G6.0W 004T FTT 28 1691 1,691 770 1 0 16 0 0 15,822 1,691
M4.0Y 005T FTT 36 966 966 1,617 1 0 16 0 0 0 0 0 966
G8.0W 022L FTL 24 617 617 6,804 5 0 16 213 213 17,231 14 0 404
G8.0W 024L FTL 40 1208 1,208 665 1 0 24 482 482 970 1 0 726
F9.0W 031L FTL 28 1866 1,120 1,163 1 40 16 627 577 1,341 1 8 543
F1.0M 031S FTS 24 917 825 1,693 1 10 16 0 0 1,740 1 30 825
F1.0M 034S FTS 28 4210 1,937 3,146 2 54 24 1907 1,030 5,752 3 46 907
F7.0M 036L FTL 24 715 672 5,124 4 6 16 609 548 5,007 4 10 124
F7.0M 037L FTL 24 798 654 1,781 1 18 8 82 57 4,200 3 30 597
F1.0M 038L FTL 32 655 655 4,025 2 0 32 0 0 0 0 0 655
F1.0M 040S FTS 28 1006 1,006 2,885 2 0 8 0 0 19,177 10 24 1,006
F1.0M 042L FTL 32 439 439 9,258 5 0 16 0 0 14,100 8 28 439
F7.0M 043L FTL 32 1548 1,548 1,171 1 0 20 61 61 25,839 23 0 1,487
F1.0M 043S FTS 32 1905 1,791 1,746 1 6 12 28 25 5,976 5 12 1,766
F7.0M 044L FTL 28 760 760 2,779 2 0 8 85 85 13,714 11 0 675
F1.0M 044S FTS 36 1167 1,167 1,547 1 0 16 344 344 1,800 1 0 823
22,262 18,850 2,469 15 4,438 3,422 5,064 23 15,428 Total
Production Data Post-Optimisation Production Data Pre-Optimisation
Gain
bopd
Field Experience
Slide 12
Geochemistry for Determining Waxy Reservoir
Petroleum geochemistry is the application of chemical principles to the study of the
origin, migration, accumulation, and alteration of petroleum...(John M. Hunt, 1979)
Biodegradation - "A process by which microbial organisms transform or alter
(through metabolic or enzymatic action) the structure of chemicals introduced into the
environment." - U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2009
Acquire Fingerprints for all produced oils from the reservoirs (Gas chromatography)
Determine the differences in oil chemistry among producing reservoirs that could lead
to preferential wax deposition in some wells
Determine potential waxy reservoirs

This work depend largely on High Resolution Gas Chromatographic (HRGC)
fingerprints

Slide 13
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12L D3
22S D2
19L D3
22L D3
26L D3
48L D3
57S D3
59T D3
65S D3
48L D3
Waxy Region
Gaseous
Liquid
Liquid hydrocarbons in C 8-18 range completely depleted. Waxy range
hydrocarbons dominates the distribution.
D3- HYDROCARBON DISTRIBUTION PATTERN
Slide 14
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IMO R.45L (4,1) defproj ,Instrument3.HRGC i nst 3 03-06-19,4,1
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E5A-45L
All hydrocarbon groups are intact.Light to medium range hydrocarbon greater than
waxy,heavy molecular weight compounds. Oils are pristine, non-biodegraded non-waxy
GAS CHROMATOGRAMS: E2-E5 RESERVOIR OILS
Slide 15
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IMO R.25S (17,1) defproj ,Instrument3.HRGC i nst 3 03-06-16,17,1
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EFFECT OF BIODEGRADATION ON WAX
DEPOSITION TENDENCIES OF JETOLET OILS
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SLUDGE
WAX
Pristine /Light
IMO R.65S (17,1) defproj ,Instrument3.HRGC i nst 3 03-06-19,17,1
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IMO R.7L (18,1) defproj ,Instrument3.HRGC i nst 3 03-06-19,18,1
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nC6
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nC6
Benzene (16)
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nC14
iC16
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pr nC18
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nC22
nC24
nC25
nC26
nC27
nC28
nC29
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E2
IMO R.56L (9,1) defproj ,Instrument3.HRGC i nst 3 03-06-19,9,1
Acqui red Thursday, June 19, 2003 5:38:30 PM
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Retenti on ti me
nC6
Benzene (16)
nC7
Toluene (40)
nC8
nC9
nC10
nC11
nC12
iC13 iC14
nC13
iC15
nC14
iC16
nC15
nC16
iC18
nC17
pr nC18
ph
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nC21
nC22
nC23
nC24
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nC26
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nC33
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nC35
nC36
nC37
nC38
IMO R.45L (4,1) defproj ,Instrument3.HRGC i nst 3 03-06-19,4,1
Acqui red Thursday, June 19, 2003 8:53:47 AM
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0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Retenti on ti me
nC6
Benzene (16)
nC7
Toluene (40)
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nC10
nC11
nC12
iC13
iC14
nC13
iC15
nC14
iC16
nC15
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pr nC18
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nC19
nC20
nC21
nC22
nC23
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IMO R. 43T (24,1) defproj ,Instrument3.HRGC i nst 3 03-06-16,24,1
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IMO R.44S (27,1) defproj ,Instrument3.HRGC i nst 3 03-06-16,27,1
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Retenti on ti me
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iC13 iC14
nC13
iC15
nC14
iC16
nC15
nC16
iC18
nC17
pr nC18
ph
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nC20
nC21
nC22
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nC24
nC25
nC26
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nC28
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nC31
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nC33
nC34
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nC36
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nC38
D8
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D6
Biodegradation and Waxy Tendencies of the Different Reservoirs
Slide 16
Well Name Reservoir Depth (ft) API Tem
o
C Pr/ph pr/nc17 ph/C18 C9/C29 C10-15/C20-25 Remark
21S D1 5828 16.40 138.00 1.89 7.40 4.03 0.95 45.98 Moderate biod.level 3
25S D1 5828 16.30 1.96 8.07 4.67 0.94 66.36 All n-alk lost
29s D1 16.36 1.86 12.49 5.20 1.21 76.70 pristane &phytane intact
32S D1 16.40 1.91 12.86 7.47 0.88 50.61 High sludge ,little wax
12S D2 5900 16.50 139.00 1.88 19.46 13.86 0.99 26.96 Moderate biod.level 3
18S D2 18.00 1.96 14.81 7.11 1.01 33.78 All n-alk lost
19S D2 17.00 1.74 16.96 10.76 0.99 48.85 pristane &phytane intact
1T D2 21.90 1.76 17.12 10.46 1.05 54.66 High sludge ,little wax
21L D2 22.00 1.83 13.44 5.67 1.08 46.85
22s D2 21.80 1.89 4.70 1.88 0.75 57.00
23L D2 21.70 1.90 11.69 5.47 1.16 48.00
25L D2 22.00 1.91 12.98 6.15 1.04 58.38
26S D2 21.60 1.96 8.07 4.67 0.94 46.91
32L D2 21.50 1.81 16.87 7.14 3.69 51.96
43T D2 22.00 1.91 11.98 7.50 1.09 63.62
48S D2 21.70 1.84 12.97 6.10 1.26 55.05
4T D2 21.60 1.91 16.06 8.91 1.08 42.89
51L D2 22.00 1.89 17.40 8.88 1.12 41.83
5L D2 21.90 2.03 13.03 5.63 1.17 44.28
60T D2 22.00 1.83 18.28 7.24 1.03 42.89
63T D2 21.80 1.84 12.31 5.89 1.07 61.92
64L D2 22.10 1.99 14.48 6.95 0.99 53.75
64S D2 23.00 1.81 15.38 10.59 1.04 64.29
12L D3 6190 23.40 149.00 1.87 5.16 2.09 0.09 138.22
13S D3 23.67 2.18 1.64 0.62 3.12 207.89
19L D3 24.56 2.04 3.88 1.55 0.40 230.59 Low biod. Level 2
22L D3 24.70 1.87 8.30 3.61 1.40 136.08 .Lost solvent range C8-16
26L D3 24.50 2.01 3.72 1.46 0.83 182.68
48L D3 24.80 1.96 4.69 1.65 0.12 254.99 C6-14<<C17+.
57S D3 25.10 1.75 18.64 7.55 1.03 192.53 Oil is Waxy
59T D3 28.70 2.01 10.23 3.28 0.20 184.78
65S D3 1.98 3.63 1.45 0.11 228.80
48L D3 1.96 4.69 1.65 0.12 245.39
13L D6 6560 156.00 2.31 1.28 0.52 3.60 241.10 Low biod. Level 2
36L D6 2.34 1.51 0.55 3.64 297.65 .Lost solvent range C8-16
44L D6 2.13 0.74 0.40 21.02 476.38 Oil is Waxy
30L D8 6720 33.60 163.00 2.22 2.46 0.93 3.55 380.41 Biod leve1. lightly biod.
7S D8 2.25 0.83 0.42 0.22 332.61 C6-C12 > C19-33,Not waxy
44S D9 6780 162.00 2.25 0.81 0.40 10.20 503.36 Incipient biod.
7L D9 2.28 0.84 0.40 1.47 560.13 Non waxy
65L E2 7132 39.70 170.00 2.36 0.82 0.40 1.70 632.71 Pristine, non degraded
56L E3 7430 38.40 173.00 2.29 0.87 0.43 1.69 661.93 Non waxy
45L E5 8073 39.00 186.00 2.30 0.86 0.42 1.55 661.05 Pristine, non degraded
Non waxy
Table 2: Summary of hydrocarbon characteristics
Slide 17
All the oils have same origin as indicated by similar pristane /phytane ratios. Thus observed changes
in crude properties, (API, gravity, viscosity, molecular level distribution ) are post-accumulation such as
biodegradation/water washing rather than source related
D9 F5 reservoirs oils are not biodegraded: Oils are pristine/unaltered , light ,non degraded with
neither sludge nor wax deposition potentials.
All the oils in D1 to D8 reservoirs are biodegraded
D1and D2 oils are moderately biodegraded (Level 3. Moldowan ,1987). Almost all n-alkanes
depleted. Oil has high emulsion formation tendency
D3-D6 Oils are at biodegradation level 2. The entire liquid components of the distribution (C 7-12 )
have been severely removed by biodegradation. Waxy components are the dominant hydrocarbons in
the distribution (C 17-29 >> C 8-12). Oils have high wax tendency. Wax potential increases with
production life of the reservoir due to loss in light hydrocarbons with time
D8 reservoir oils are incipiently biodegraded (Level 1- incipient biodegradation, C 7-12 >> C 17-29).
Oils are light with neither sludge nor wax potentials. This is the limit of biodegradation in the structure
(Depth 6780ft, Temp. 170
0
C (Usually 180
0
C)


Summary
Slide 18
Application of Energy Flux for determining Wax Deposition Threshold for a reservoir
1L 31S 38L 43S 35L 19S
Gross Production,b/ d 200 400 424 169 2536 2006
Water cut(BSW %)=BSW/ 100 0.42 0.42 0.04 0.1 0.6 0.1
Water production, b/ d= Gross production *Water cut 84 168 17 17 1522 201
Net oil production, (b/ d)= Gross production - Water production 116 232 407 152 1014 1805
Net oil production,(cuft/ d)= 5.6146*Net oil production(b/ d) 651 1303 2285 854 5695 10137
Water production, (cuft/ d)=5.6146*Water production b/ d 472 943 95 95 8543 1126
Oil density, (Ibm/ cuft)= Oil specific gravity * water density 14 14 14 13 13 13
Water density,( Ibm/ cuft) 16.2 16.2 16.2 16.2 16.2 16.2
Oil specific gravity 0.839 0.836 0.834 0.828 0.826 0.827
Oil gravity, degree API=(141.5/ oil specific gravity)-131.5 37.2 37.8 38.2 39.4 39.7 39.6
Surrounding tempeature, degree( F) 77 77 77 77 77 77
Reservoir temperature, degree( F) 180 185 181 200 190 180
Temperature difference at the surface,( F)=Reservoir temp.- Surface temp. 103 108 104 123 113 103
0.52 0.52 0.52 0.54 0.53 0.53
Specific heat of water, (Btu/ Ib. F)=0.25 * Reservoir temp. 45 46.25 45.25 50 47.5 45
ENERGY FLUX BTU=(specific heat capacity of oil * oil density * oil prd.+specific heat capacity of water* 3.59E+07 7.73E+07 8.94E+06 1.02E+07 7.47E+08 9.19E+07
water density*water prd.)temp. diff.
N/ B The specific heat capacity of water at 1 F = 0.25Btu/ Ib.F
Sp heat cap of oil, (Btu/ Ib. F)=0.68 - (0.31*oil specific gravity) + Res. temp.*(0.00082 - (0.00031*oil sp gr)
All offset wells produce wax free above a certain energy flux threshold
Slide 19
3.50E+05
3.54E+07
7.04E+07
1.05E+08
1.40E+08
1.75E+08
2.10E+08
2.45E+08
2.80E+08
3.15E+08
3.50E+08
3.85E+08
4.20E+08
4.55E+08
4.90E+08
5.25E+08
O
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(
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Wells
Wells without wax history Wells with wax history
F1.0M RESERVOIR
F7.0M RESERVOIR
5
G6.0/ G8.0 RESERVOIR
WAX DEPOSITION CUT OFFS
WAX DEPOSITION CUT OFFS
Application of Energy Flux for determining Wax Deposition Threshold for a reservoir
Slide 20
Many Thanks
for
Your Attention!

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