1

General concept
of
Frequency hopping
Slide : 2
Background
During a call, a number of physical effects influence the
perceived radio environment between a mobile station and a
base station. One such effect is multipath fading, which
means that transmitted signals reach the receiver via multiple
paths. Depending on the difference in path length.
Another effect is various types of interference. The
dominating type is normally co-channel interference, but
other types, such as adjacent channel interference,
intermodulation products, military sources etc. must be
considered as well.
Slide : 3
Multipath fading
The destructive interference produced by multipath
fading is called fading-dips. Fading dips may cause speech
quality degradation.
For different frequencies, the fading dips will occur at
slightly different positions in space.
Slide : 4
Co-channel interference
The interference situation for a mobile is strongly dependent
on which frequency and time-slot that the mobile happens to
use.
Normally co-channel interference is caused by frequency re-
use
Slide : 5
What can be achived
Frequency diversity
Interference averaging
Slide : 6
Frequency diversity
Frequency hopping can reduce the
influence of signal strength variations caused
by multipath fading.
Multipath fading is frequency
dependent. This implies that the fading dips
appear at different locations for different
frequencies.
Slide : 7
Interference averaging
Frequency hopping can also break up persistent
interference into periodic occasions of single burst
interference.
Changing frequency at each burst offers a way to
improve the interference situation described above. The co-
channel interference will change at every burst.
The more frequencies that are used in the hopping, the
more rare such frequency collisions will be.
Slide : 8
Short technical description
Baseband frequency hopping
Synthesizer frequency hopping
Slide : 9
Baseband frequency hopping
At baseband hopping each transmitter operates
on a fixed frequency.
The advantage with this mode is that narrow-band
tuneable filter combiners can be used.
The disadvantage is that it is not possible to use a
larger number of frequencies than there are
transmitters.
Slide : 10
Baseband frequency hopping
Controller
TRX1
Controller
TRX4
Controller
TRX3
Controller
TRX2
Transmitter
f1
Transmitter
f4
Transmitter
f3
Transmitter
f2
Bus for routing of burst
Combiner
X
X
X
X
Slide : 11
Synthesizer frequency
hopping
The transmitter tunes to correct frequency at
transmission of each burst.
The advantage is that the number of frequencies
that can be used for hopping is not dependent on the
number of transmitters .
The disadvantage is that wide-band hybrid
combiners have to be used .
Slide : 12
Synthesizer frequency
hopping
Controller
TRX1
Controller
TRX4
Controller
TRX3
Controller
TRX2
Transmitter
f1,f2,,fn
Transmitter
f1,f2,,fn
Transmitter
f1,f2,,fn
Transmitter
f1,f2,,fn
Hybrid
Combiner
Slide : 13
Algorithm
Hopping sequence
Cyclic hopping
Random hopping

Interference avoid
Orthogonal hopping
Independence hopping
Slide : 14
Cyclic hopping
In cyclic hopping the frequencies are used in a
consecutive order. For instance,the sequence of
frequencies for cyclic hopping between four
frequencies may appear as follows:

... , f 4 , f 1 , f 2 , f 3 , f 4 , f 1 , f 2 , f 3 , f 4 , f 1 , f 2 , ...

A cyclic sequence is specified by setting the
parameter HSN (hopping sequence number) to zero.
Slide : 15
Random hopping
A random hopping sequence is actually implemented as a
pseudo-random sequence.
63 independent sequences are defined.
When random hopping is used, the frequencies will be
used (pseudo-) randomly, and a hopping sequence for four
frequencies may appear as follows:

... , f 1 , f 4 , f 4 , f 3 , f 1 , f 2 , f 4 , f 1 , f 3 , f 3 , f 2 , ...

The period for a random sequence is 6 minutes.
Slide : 16
Orthogonal sequences
In the baseband hopping, four channels utilize the
same time slot. They will be given the different
HSN.
In order not to interfere with each other, they may
not use the same frequency simultaneously.
A frequency offset is automatically assigned
to each channel at configuration.
Each traffic channel uses the same sequence, but
with different frequencies at each instance in time.
Slide : 17
Orthogonal sequences with
Baseband hopping
The random sequence of baseband hopping will appear as
follows for four frequencies:
Controller
TRX1
Controller
TRX4
Controller
TRX3
Controller
TRX2
Transmitter
f1
Transmitter
f4
Transmitter
f3
Transmitter
f2
Bus for routing of burst
Combiner
X
X
X
X
... , f 1 , f 4 , f 4 , f 3 , f 1 , f 2 , ...
... , f 2 , f 1 , f 1 , f 4 , f 2 , f 3, ...
... , f 3 , f 2 , f 2 , f 1 , f 3 , f 4 , ...
... , f 4 , f 3 , f 3 , f 2 , f 4 , f 1, ...
Slide : 18
Orthogonal sequences with SFH
Control orthogonal sequence by MAIO and HSN
1. MAIO (Mobile Allocation Index Offset)
Define the first frequency of sequence for the first burst.
2. HSN (Hopping Sequence Number)
Define the sequence of frequency for the next burst.
HSN = 0 : Cyclic hopping
HSN = 1-63 : Pseudo-random hopping
Slide : 19
Orthogonal sequences with SFH
The random sequence of synthesizer hopping will appear
as follows for eight frequencies: (HSN = 0)
Controller
TRX1
Controller
TRX4
Controller
TRX3
Controller
TRX2
Transmitter
f1, f2, .., f8
Transmitter
f1, f2, .., f8
Transmitter
f1, f2, .., f8
Transmitter
f1, f2, .., f8
Combiner
f1, f2, f3, f4, f5, f6, f7, f8 (MAIO = 2)
f1, f2, f3, f4, f5, f6, f7, f8 (MAIO = 0)
f1, f2, f3, f4, f5, f6, f7, f8 (MAIO = 4)
f1, f2, f3, f4, f5, f6, f7, f8 (MAIO = 6)
Index : 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
fn : frequency of the first burst
fn : frequency of the second burst
Slide : 20
Independence sequences
For the interference averaging mechanism to work well,
the sequence of frequencies in co-channel cells must be
different.
Connections in these cells will then use the same
frequencies, but not always at the same time.
The number of collisions per second will depend on the
number of frequencies in the channel group.

Slide : 21
Independence sequences
The frequency collisions, i.e. the instances of co-channel
disturbance, are indicated with bold type:

Cell 1: ... , f 1 , f 4 , f 4 , f 3 , f 1 , f 2 , f 3 , f 1 , f 3 , f 4 , f 2 , ...
Cell 2: ... , f 3 , f 1 , f 1 , f 1 , f 4 , f 3 , f 2 , f 1 , f 2 , f 1 , f 4 , ...
Cell 3: ... , f 3 , f 4 , f 3 , f 3 , f 2 , f 1 , f 4 , f 1 , f 3 , f 2 , f 1 , ...

Since there is only one cyclic sequence, cyclic sequences
can be orthogonal (if they have different MAIO), but never
independent.
Slide : 22
Implementation with SFH
Constrain
Separate frequency band for BCCH
Re-use pattern
MAIO
HSN
Fraction load
Slide : 23
Constrain
HW & SW constrain
Coverage overlapping constrain
Frequency constrain


Slide : 24
HW & SW Constrain
HW required for SFH
TPU2, HPA, MPA, HYCOM, DUCOM, DUAMCO
SW required for SFH
BS-20/21 and BS 60/61 BR3.7 and higher
BS 11 Release Version S2 and
higher
BS240 BR5.0 and higher
Slide : 25
Coverage overlapping
constrain
Due to SFH with 1x1 or 1x3 are tight re-use
patterns then coverage control is major
constrain.
Homogeneous network is recommended.
Slide : 26
Frequency constrain
Performance of SFH depends on one factor
which called Fractional load
Maximum fractional load is 50% means
number of frequency required is at least 2
time number of TCH Trxs used.
Slide : 27
Separate frequency band for
BCCH
BCCH cannot cope with high interference as
TCH due to :
BCCH is not hop with SFH.
Power control and DTX are not support on BCCH.

Siemens recommends number of frequencies for
BCCH band is 20 frequencies.
Slide : 28
Re-use pattern for SFH
Standard re-use pattern
1. Re-use 1x1
2. Re-use 1x3

Other re-use pattern
1. Re-use 2x2 (or re-use 2x1)
2. Multi re-use pattern for SFH

Slide : 29
Re-use 1x1
Define every frequencies to every BTS.
Avoid co-channel by MAIO and HSN
Consider all frequencies assigned as frequency group A re-
use pattern will be as follow:
GroupA
GroupA GroupA
GroupA
GroupA GroupA
GroupA
GroupA GroupA
Slide : 30
Re-use 1x3
Separate all frequencies into 3 groups.
Define 3 frequency groups to every sites.
Avoid co-channel by MAIO and HSN
Consider all frequencies assigned as frequency group A,B and C re-use
pattern will be as follow:
GroupA
GroupC GroupB
GroupA
GroupC GroupB
GroupA
GroupC GroupB
Slide : 31
Mobile allocation index offset
Define the first frequency of group for the first
burst.
Index 0 1 2 3 4

N-1
Frequency group f1 f2 f3 f4 f5 .. fn
Slide : 32
Example of MAIO setting
The random sequence of synthesizer hopping will appear
as follows for eight frequencies: (HSN = 0)
Controller
TRX1
Controller
TRX4
Controller
TRX3
Controller
TRX2
Transmitter
f1, f2, .., f8
Transmitter
f1, f2, .., f8
Transmitter
f1, f2, .., f8
Transmitter
f1, f2, .., f8
Combiner
f1, f2, f3, f4, f5, f6, f7, f8 (MAIO = 2)
f1, f2, f3, f4, f5, f6, f7, f8 (MAIO = 0)
f1, f2, f3, f4, f5, f6, f7, f8 (MAIO = 4)
f1, f2, f3, f4, f5, f6, f7, f8 (MAIO = 6)
Index : 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
fn : frequency of the first burst
fn : frequency of the second burst
Slide : 33
Fraction load
Ratio to determine how tight of frequency re-use
for SFH.
Define by :
Number of frequencies used at a time (per re-use cluster) * 100
Number of frequencies per group
Siemens recommends fraction load = 35-40%
GSM defines maximum fraction load = 50%
Slide : 34
Example of fraction load
calculation
1x3
Number of frequencies : 46
Number of frequencies for BCCH and GB : 16
Number of TCH frequencies per group : 10
Site configuration : 6+6+6 (Tch : 5+5+5)

Fractional load = 5/10 = 50%

Slide : 35
Example of fraction load
calculation
1x1
Number of frequencies : 46
Number of frequencies for BCCH and GB : 16
Number of TCH frequencies per group : 30
Site configuration : 6+6+6 (Tch : 5+5+5)

Fractional load = 15/30 = 50%