MOHAMAD REDZUAN BIN ABDULLAH ZAWAWI

ISWANDI BIN WI

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MANSHID @ SHAHEMANJA

DEFINITION
A tyre is a ring-shaped covering that fits around a
wheel rim to protect it and enable better vehicle
performance by providing a flexible cushion that
absorbs shock while keeping the wheel in close
contact with the ground.

BACKGROUND
The fundamental materials of modern tires are
rubber and fabric along with other compound
chemicals. They consist of a tread and a body. The
tread provides traction while the body ensures
support.

APPLICATION
Before rubber was invented, the first versions of tires
were simply bands of metal that fitted around wooden
wheels in order to prevent wear and tear. Today, the
vast majority of tires are pneumatic, comprising a
doughnut-shaped body of cords and wires encased in
rubber and generally filled with compressed air to
form an inflatable cushion. Pneumatic tires are used
on many types of vehicles, such as bicycles,
motorcycles, cars, trucks, earthmovers and sircraft.

14% NATURAL RUBBER
27% SYNTHETIC POLYMERS
28% CARBON BLACK
10% OIL
4% OTHER PETROCHEM
4% FABRIC
10% WIRE
3% OTHERS

1) Natural rubber/polyisoprene
The basic elastomeric used in tyre making.
It was derived from latex, a milky colloid found in the sap of some
plants. Rubber's stress-strain behaviour is often modelled as hyper
elastic. Rubber strain crystallizes. Natural rubber is sensitive to ozone
cracking.
2) Styrene-Butadiene-Rubber (SBR)
a synthetic rubber copolymer consisting of styrene and butadiene.
has good abrasion resistance and good aging stability when protected
by additives
can be produced from solution or as emulsion. Pressure reaction
vessels are required and usually charged with the two monomers, a free
radical acid and a chain transfer agent such as an alkyl mercaptan.
The latter prevents high molecular weight and high viscosity product
from forming

3) Polybutadiene
a synthetic rubber that is a polymer formed from the polymerization of
the monomer 1,3-butadiene.
has a high resistance to wear It is a highly resilient synthetic rubber.
Heat build-up is subjected to repeat flexing during serviceLow rolling
resistance of this rubber also leads to its use in the tread portion of tires
4) Butyl rubber
a synthetic rubber, a copolymer of isobutylene with isoprene.
Butyl rubber is produced by polymerization of about 98% of
isobutylene with about 2% of isoprene.
Butyl rubber is used for the tubeless inner liner compounds, because of
its low air permeability.
The halogen atoms provide a bond with the carcass compounds which
are mainly natural rubber.

5) Carbon black
a material produced by the incomplete combustion of heavy petroleum
products such as FCC tar, coal tar, ethylene cracking tar, and a small
amount from vegetable oil.
a form of amorphous carbon that has a high surface-area-to-volume
ratio.
the most common use [70%] is as a pigment and reinforcing phase in
automobile tires.
helps conduct heat away from the tread and belt area of the tire,
reducing thermal damage and increasing tire life.
6) Silica
the chemical compound silicon dioxide with a chemical formula of
SiO
2
and has been known for its hardness since antiquity.
is most commonly found in nature as sand or quartz, as well as in the
cell walls of diatoms. It used together with carbon black in high
performance tires, as a low heat build up reinforcement.



7) Sulphur
is the chemical element that has the atomic number 16.
it crosslink the rubber molecules in the vulcanization process.

8)Vulcanizing Accelerators
are complex organic compounds that speed up the vulcanization.
these additives modify the polymer by forming crosslink (bridges)
between individual polymer chains.
The vulcanized material is less sticky and has superior mechanical
properties.


9) Activators
assist the vulcanization.
the main one is zinc oxide.

10) Antioxidants and antiozonants
prevent sidewall cracking due to the action of sunlight and ozone.

11) Textile fabric and steel wire
reinforces the carcass of the tire.

TYRE CONSTRUCTION
CASING or CARCASS
The casing is the framework of the
tyre. It must be strong enough to
withstand high inflation pressure, yet
flexible enough to absorb load
changes and impact.
It consists of tyre cords coated with
compounded rubber. Generally, tyres
are classified into Bias or Radial ply
construction.

PLY
This is a layer tyre cord (textile or
steel) extending from bead to bead
makes up the carcass of the tyre.
Plies are turned up and around the
beads which lock the bead into the
carcass.

BEAD
This is part of tyre which is
shaped to fit on the rim.
is made of continuous high
tensile wire wound to form a
high strength unit, the bead wire
core is the anchor foundation of
the casing which maintain the
required tyre diameter on the
rim.

TREAD
Tread rubber provides the interface between the
tyre structure and road.
Primary purpose is to provide traction and wear.

BREAKER
This is the layers of tyre cord
(textile or steel) directly under
the tread,run circumferentially
around the tyre.
Breaker plies provide strength
to the tyre stabilize the tread
and protect external damage
to the casing.

SIDEWALL
This is the part between
tread and bead and is
directly related to the ride
characteristics of the tyre. It
is specially compounded to
withstand flexing and
weathering while providing
protection for the casing.

SIDEWALL
APEX
Triangle rubber piece with
selected characteristics are
used to fill in the bead and
lower sidewall area to
provide a smooth transition
from the stiff bead area to
the flexible sidewall.

APEX
CHAFER
It consists of narrow strips
of specially compounded
rubber or ply material
around the outside of the
bead that reinforces and
stabilizes the bead to
sidewall' transition zone. It
protects the bead area from
chafing or cutting by the
rim.

CHAFER
LINER
A layer of non-porous
rubber incorporated at the
internal part of the casing.
Its purpose is to provide a
complete seal which retain
the inflation pressure.

LINER
MIXING PROCESS
Equipment = Banbury
Mixer
Input Material = natural
rubber, synthetic
rubber, carbon black &
chemicals
Output = slab
compound
EXTRUSION PROCESS
Equipment = Extruder
Input Material = slab
compound
Output = tread, sidewall
& apex

CALENDERING
PROCESS
Equipment = 4 Roll
Calender
Input Material = fabric,
steel wire & slab
compound
Output = calendered
fabric/steel ply & liner
PLY/BREAKER CUTTING
PROCESS
Equipment =
ply/breaker cutter
Input Material = fabric
& steel plies
Output = ply & breaker

BEAD PROCESS
Equipment = bead
insulation
Input Material = steel
wire & slab compound
Output = bead

TYRE BUILDING
PROCESS
Equipment = tyre
building machine
Input Material = liner,
chafer, ply, breaker,
bead, apex, sidewall &
tread
Output = green tyre

CURING PROCESS
Equipment = curing
press
Input Material = green
tyre
Output = finish tyre

FINAL FINISHING
After the tire has been cured, there are several
additional operations.
Tire uniformity measurement is a test where
the tire is automatically mounted on wheel
halves, inflated, run against a simulated road
surface, and measured for force variation.
Tire balance measurement is a test where the
tire is automatically placed on wheel halves,
rotated at a high speed and measured for
imbalance.
TWEEL
an experimental tyre design
developed by the French tyre
company Michelin.
uses no air, cannot burst or
become flat.
the Tweel's hub connects to
flexible polyurethane spokes
which are used to support an
outer rim and assume the
shock-absorbing role of a
traditional tyre's pneumatic
properties.


AIRLESS TYRE
Non-pneumatic tires or Airless
tires, are tires that are not supported
by air pressure
used on some small vehicles such as
riding lawn mowers and motorized
golf carts, heavy equipment such as
backhoes
have higher rolling friction and
provide much less suspension than
similarly shaped and sized
pneumatic tires.
cannot go flat, but they are far less
common than air filled tires.

RUN FLAT TYRE
Non-pneumatic tires or Airless
tires, are tires that are not
supported by air pressure
used on some small vehicles such as
riding lawn mowers and motorized
golf carts, heavy equipment such as
backhoes
have higher rolling friction and
provide much less suspension than
similarly shaped and sized
pneumatic tires.
cannot go flat, but they are far less
common than air filled tires.

Pneumatic tires are used on many types of vehicles,
such as bicycles, motorcycles, cars, trucks,
earthmovers and aircraft.
Tires enable better vehicle performance by providing
traction, braking, steering and load support.
Tires form a flexible cushion between the vehicle and
the road, which smoothes out shock and makes for a
comfortable ride.