CENTRE FOR COAL TECHNOLOGY

UNIVERSITY OF THE PUNJAB

LAHORE

Topic:-
Water Analysis
Presented By:-
KOMAL AROOSH
Session:-
2010-2012
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. WATER
. WATER QUALITY
. HARDNESS OF WATER
. SOLIDS IN WATER
. SEPARATION TECHNIQUES


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CONTENTS
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Water:
Water is undesirable in fuel when it is injected into the
cylinders.
In practice it is impossible to be entirely certain that the
fuel is completely free of water.
Sea water can lead to problems, because the sodium will
get into the cylinder.
Fresh water should not lead to serious problems if it is
evenly distributed in the fuel oil.
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WATER QUALITY


Water quality varies with the source.
It may or may not contain
dissolved minerals
dissolved gases
organic matter
microorganisms
combinations of these impurities that cause
deterioration of metalworking fluid performance.

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The amount of dissolved minerals, for example, in
lake or river water (surface water) depends on
whether the source is near mineral deposits.
Typically, lake water is of a consistent quality, while
river water varies with weather conditions. Well
water (ground water), since it seeps through
minerals in the earth, tends to contain more
dissolved minerals than either lake or river water.
Surface water, however, is likely to contain a higher
number of microorganisms (bacteria and mold) and
thus need treatment
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1.If water is badly polluted-- like raw sewage---
it might be obvious from its appearance or
odor.
2.It might be colored or turbid (cloudy), or have
solids, oil or foam floating on it.
3.It might have a rotten odor, or smell like
industrial chemicals.
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Why do we need to analyze water?
THERE ARE TWO ASPECTS OF WATER
ANALYSIS THAT WE NEED TO CONSIDER:
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what substances or
organisms are we
interested in testing for-
- and why?
what procedures and
equipment do we use
to make the
measurements, and
how do they work?

TWO ASPECTS OF WATER
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HARDNESS OF WATER
What is hardness of water?
Hard water is water that has
high mineral content.
Hardness of water is due to metal
ions(minerals) that are dissolved in the
ground water. These minerals include Ca
2+
,
Mg
2+
, Fe
3+
, SO
4
2-
, and HCO
3
-
. Our hard
water in the southern Indiana area is due to
rain moving through the vast amount of
limestone, CaCO
3.

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Hardness of water
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WHY BE CONCERNED ABOUT HARD WATER?

The determination of water hardness is a useful test that
provides a measure of quality of water for households and
industrial uses.
Originally, water hardness was defined as the measure of
the capacity of the water to precipitate soap. Hard water is
not a health hazard.
When hard water is heated, CaCO
3
precipitates out, which
then clogs pipes and industrial boilers. This leads to
malfunction or damage and is expensive to remove
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TYPES OF HARDNESS
There are two basic types of water hardness:
1. Temporary hardness
2. Permanent hardness

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TEMPORARY HARDNESS
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Temporary Hardness is due to the bicarbonate
ion, HCO
3
-
, being present in the water. This type of
hardness can be removed by boiling the water to
expel the CO
2
.

Ca(HCO
3
)
2
CaCO
3
+ H
2
O + CO
2

Heating
Mg(HCO
3
)
2
Ma (OH)
2
+ 2CO
2
Heating
Main Mechanism
Permanent hardness


Permanent hardness is due to the presence of the
ions Ca
2+
, Mg
+2
, Fe
3+
and SO
4
-
. This type of
hardness cannot be eliminated by boiling. The
water with this type of hardness is said to
be permanently hard.
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SOLIDS IN
WATER
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DISSOLVED SOLIDS

The total dissolved solids can have a significant impact on
the quality of water. The amount of dissolved solids affects
the water for almost all of its uses, whether for drinking,
agricultural, or industrial use. The recommended maximum
limit of dissolved solids in drinking water is 500 ppm
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PROBLEMS RELATED TO DISSOLVED SOLIDS
The problems caused by dissolved material relate
to taste and odor, hardness, and corrosion and
scaling in the distribution system, among others.
Several different types of dissolved solids could be
toxic if the levels become too high. These include
barium, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead,
mercury, selenium, and silver. Each of these are
regulated by the EPA and have maximum
contaminant levels assigned to them.

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SUSPENDED SOLIDS
Suspended solids refers to small solid particles which
remain in suspension in water as a colloid or due to the
motion of the water. It is used as one indicator of water
quality.
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PROBLEMS RELATED TO SUSPENDED PARTICLES
High concentrations of suspended solids
can cause many problems for stream health
and aquatic life.
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SEPARATION
TECHNIQUES
Separation technique include

1. Filtration
2. Distillation
3. Extraction
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Filtration:

The water is passed through a fine-pore filter which can
be made of paper, glass fibers, a cellulose acetate
membrane, etc.
Filtration through a filter of some agreed-upon standard
pore size can be used to separate "suspended" from
"dissolved" portions of the analyte. The analyte may be
the suspended matter which is captured on the filter-- or
the filter may be used to clarify the water for analysis of a
dissolved material.
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Distillation:
If the analyte can be boiled out of the water, or along
with the water, then the vapors can be cooled and re-
condensed or trapped in a liquid form in a different
container. This way the analyte can be removed from the
interfering substances in the original water sample. Often
the sample is made acidic or alkaline, or treated
chemically in some other way before distillation, to
convert the analyte into a volatile (easily evaporated)
form, and to immobilize or neutralize interfering
substances.
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Extraction:

Some analytes may be much more soluble in an organic
solvent than in water. If the solvent does not mix with
water, and the sample is shaken with portions of the
solvent, almost all of the analyte may be transferred from
the water into the solvent, leaving interfering substances
behind. This is known as a "liquid-liquid" extraction. The
analysis may be completed using the organic portion.
There are also continuous versions of this process for
use with liquid or with dry samples.
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REFERENCES
Map from Morton Salt at
http://www.mortonsalt.com/soft/sofisoft.htm
^
a

b

c
World Health Organization Hardness in
Drinking-Water, 2003
^
a

b
Hermann Weingrtner, "Water" in Ullmann's
Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry,
2006[december], WileyVCH,
Weinheim.doi:10.1002/14356007.a28_001
http://www.glendalewaterandpower.com/residents/
water_hardnes
http://www.mrwa.com/OPWater%20and%20Impuriti
es.pdf

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PARTICULATE
MATTERS




PM2.5 AND PM10 ISSUES
PM EFFECTS
UNDERSTATEMENT OF PM BY HAZCO
HAZCO did not account for fugitive emissions from
the sulphur piles assuming that:
0.02% of all particles will be less than 2 mm
Dr. James Hyne indicates that:
1.0 % of all particles will be less than 0.3 mm
This constitutes a gross understatement of dust
composition by HAZCO



PM DISPERSION MODELING
UNDERSTATEMENTS
Indicates that 24 hr PM 2.5 including HAZCO
and background levels at the property line will
be 2.5 ug/m3
Stated in the air modeling report that ambient
levels are 7.9 ug/m3
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IMPACTS TO ADJACENT INDUSTRY
Canexus and ERCO Worldwide produce
sodium chlorate, which is incompatible with
sulphur
Both industries employ open cooling towers,
as will many future developing industries
A Canexus review of the particulates
estimates concludes that, HAZCOs
conclusion that fugitive dust emissions
associated with the storage, handling and
transportation activities will be negligible, is
neither credible nor valid.