EGG

EGG STRUCTURE &

COMPOSITION
1. Egg yolk
2. Albumen (white egg)
3. Shell membrane
4. Egg Shell
Egg Yolk (31%):
1. Latebra : The junction between
discus germinal disk with egg yolk
2. Germinal Disk: Blastoderm stage of
ovum cell
3. Concentric Ring of egg yolk
4. Vetelinne membrane : transparent
membrane around egg yolk

Albumen (58%):
Chalazae (3% of albumen): smooth
thin layer that conjunction with egg
yolk and chalazae,
Inner thin layer (21% of albumen)
Solid and thick of white egg (55%)
Outer thin layer, conjunction with egg
membrane shell
Egg Shell Mebrane :
Fibrous & harsh
Compose of protein that similar
as well as hair or feather
Consisted of :
- Inner shell membrane
- Outer shell membrane
Inner shell is thin down than
outer shell
Egg shell (11%):
1.Hard, to coverage the content of egg
and to protect the embryo from
physical & chemicals defect
2.Containing cuticle:
- thickness : 10 30 micro meter
- inhibit of microorganism penetration
from the pore
- to protect infiltration of other agent
from outer egg shell.

Egg shell (11%):
3. The pores content be variant : around
7000-17.000/egg, these function include:
- respiratory: the embryo may breathe
during incubation process
- evaporate process
- infiltration of outer liquor
- the tickness depend on genetic factor,
environment, temperature and diseases.
4. Pigment shell found in spongy layer
5. It consisted of: 94% Potassium Carbonate,
1% Magnesium Carbonate, 1% Calcium
Phosphate, other organic component 4%
Egg Composition
Chemical Composition :
%
Moisture Protein Fat Ash
Egg
100 65,5 11,8 11,0 11,7
Albumine
58 88 11,0 0,2 0,8
Egg Yolk
31 48 17,5 32,5 2,0
Egg Shell
11 1,6 3,3 0,03
Composition of Egg yolk
Protein of egg yolk :
- ovovetelin : 2,4 gr (75%) as
phosphoprotein / protein containing P
- ovolivetin : 0,7 gr (25%), sulfur
content is high
Egg yolk : - Glyceride
- Lecithin
- Cholesterol
* Pigment of egg yolk : Xantophyle


Composition of albumen
Protein :
- Ovo albumen: 75%
- Ovoconalbumen : 3%
- Ovoglobulin: 2%
- Ovo mucoid
- Ovomucin
Vitamin : riboflavin/ slightly green
Composition of Eggshell
Consisted of: Shell dan shell membrane
Outer layer: cuticle
Protein : collagen/ similarly with bone protein and
cartilage
Ca CO3 : 94%
Mg CO3 : 1%
Ca PO4 : 1%
Organic matter : 4 %
shell Membrane :
- 4-5 % of the weight of egg shell
- containing: protein, water & mineral
- Protein : ovocreatine, with sulfur content about 1,5 3
kali higher than sulfur content in albumen
Composition of Water Fowl Egg
Duck, Goose, Manila Duck (Entok)
Moisture content slightly lower
Fat content is higher
Ducks need slightly higher
temperature for embryo development
Handling of Egg
Select the consumption egg and fertile egg
Fertile Egg:
- temperature > 26,7C.
The develop embryo blood spot vascular
system as bee nest form (Hacch spot) its not
consumable.
- If the temperature is not stable, the embryo will be
death because of contamination
* Dirty egg: wash with warm water 43-51,7C, dried
as soon as possible, water should free from Fe
(max :3 ppm)
Damage Egg
1. Reduce of weight of egg:
- evaporation
- Size of air sac
- Temperature & humidity during storage
frozen evaporate
penetration of microorganism
ventilation
porosity of egg shell (evaporation,
contamination of m.o.)

2. Pengenceran
- Putih telur tebal turun : serat gliko protein ovomucin
pecah
- Ukuran yolk bertambah : perpindahan air, krn tekanan
osmose
3. Kehilangan CO2
4. Turunnya Berat jenis telur : air cell bertambah
5. Kenaikan PH
- Baru : 7,6 8,2
- Lama : naik, krn kehilangan CO2 (=
peningkatan konsentrasi ion Hidrogen)
- CO2 cenderung membentuk keseimbangan antara
konsentrasi dalam telur dengan udara sekitarnya)
6. Dekomposisi bakterial : Naik , bila lembab dan temperatur
tinggi
Pseudomonas : bau busuk, pigmen yg menyebar melalui
albumen

HATCHERY
EQUIPMENT: Incubator
Setter = Incubator that useful for 17
days incubation
Hatcher = Incubator that useful for 17-
21days incubation
Regulator : Adjustable temperature
Hatchery term:
Fertile Egg: egg belong to matting hen & by 21 days
incubation process, it be hatch to d.o.c

Fertile Egg: blastula egg, it means when ova position the
egg in blastoderm stage.

Fertile Egg: egg belong to matting hen with cockerel around
30 hours before (fertility Max : 2-6 days after matting),
spermatozoa be able to life in oviduct up to 11-14 days 6-
10 days after matting, the eggs still fertile

Infertile Egg: consumption egg, egg belong to unmating
hen.
Hatchery term:
Fertility
Hatchability
Mortality during hatchery process
Candling : observation of egg on 6-7
days and 13-14 days to observe the
embryo condition
Egg Index: length/wide X 100%

HATCHERING:- Natural
- Artificial
Hatchering Process :
1. Settering
2. Hatchering
Successfull hatchering proccess depend
on:
- Temperature
- Humidity
- Sanitation
- Ventilation
- Controlling


Hatchery Process
1. Collecting eggs
- selection of eggs
- Fumigation : to protect invasion of
m.o.
- Fumigation material : Formalin 40
%, Potassium Permanganat ( per
100 cubic : 35 cc formalin & 17,5 gr
KMnO4)
2. Holding Room
- Cool room for temporary storage (3 days)
- Temperature 18C, humidity 80%
- If too longer storage: temperature 15 C,
to inhibit metabolism process in egg

- Reducing hatchability 1% /day (3 -10
day), after 10 days, hatchability reduce up
to 3%/day.

- Turning to 45/twice daily

3. Pre heat
Adaptation Room: to prevent embryo
from shock condition
Approximately 6 hrs in room
temperature



4. Setter:
- Duration length : 18 days
- Temperature 97 99 F
- Take parallel places with 45 angle
- humidity: 86 %
- low humidity (82-85%) : crawl feather
- high humidity(87-88%) : difficulty to hatch,
because of linkage mucous
- Turning egg : automatically, every 1 hrs, to keep
embryo develop completely.
- Provide air fan with rating: 1425 -1450 rpm (to
distribute the warm air


5. Transfer
Moving from setter stage to hatchery
incubator
Candling of egg with TL 40 Watt lamp
Infertile egg (clear chick), take out
from incubator
When transfer of fertile eggs,
hatchery room must be fumigated
with KMnO4 (triple doses)
6. Hatchering
3 days (days 19th-21th hari)
Fumigation every day with double
doses
Increasing humidity of hatchery room
by 0,2 F
Coloring (Blower) : by formalin 200cc
and add some water 400 cc
brawniest on d.o. and it keep up to 5-
7 days
7. Pool Chick
DOC (Day Old Chick) do to:
- sexing
- De beaking
- Marek Vaccination (layer) sub cutanaeus
around cervical area
- Selection : take out abnormally form of beak,
blindness, smooth & smaller wing, crawl feather,
botak, un symmetric legs, dried leg, omphalitis,
wet feather)
- The good quality of d.o.c. were placed in cartoon
then ready for market.
Importance Factors during Hatchery
Temperature : high death embryo
Humidity :
- Low : dehydration too dried
death embryo/ light weight of d.o.c
- High : to prevent linkage water, reduce
hatchability

Ventilation:
- Embryo need O2 & produce CO2
- Embryo sensitive to CO2 excess

Wider of Air Sacc/Air cell
on candling days 7th, 14
th
& 18th
Candling of Eggs
Dimulai sejak fertilisasi sel mengalami
pembelahan terus berlangsung bila suhu
>82 F
Blastoderm menyebar pada permukaan
yolk
Sel I menyusun lap ektoderm
Mengalami invagination dengan arah ke
bawah membentuk lap entoderm
Antara ekso derm dan entoderm terdapat
mesoderm
Development of Chicken Embryo
during Hatchery Process
Ectoderm skin, beak, feather, nail,
nervous system, mouth line, vent
Mesoderm muscles, skeletal,
blood, excretory organ &
Reproduction
Entoderm respiratory tract,
secretary organ & digestive tract.
Day 1st
After 3 hrs primitive streak
faster development avoid new
organ
Hours 16th-24th : defferentiation of
head and to create foregut
Composing a few blood streams
Composing neural fold (in head)
neural grove caecum
Days 2nd
Anterior brain
Hours 44th : formality of hearth and activated it
Blood system:
1. For embryo body
2. For vitelline, pass from the hearth to:
- embryonic secretory cell
- yolk Sacc : yolk folder, source of nutrient
- Amnion (days 2nd&3rd) containing amnion liquor,
surrounding embryo covered
- Allantoin
- Serosa : terbentuk pada waktu yg sama gn amnionskt
ekstra embrionic membran & menempel membran sel
akhirnya berfusi dengan allantois.
Day 4
Complete organ of embryo performed & to
develop
Embryo form be appearance & it different with
mammalian
Allantoids be developed surrounding egg content
and to be performed as chorionic
Allenton capillary connected with cell membrane &
the Allenton for breathing function and as an
embryo excretory.
Allenton circulation : as a vehicle of nutrient from
albumen & Ca for embryo skin all bone embryo
Development of leg and wing, a part of body, tail
starting appearance, brain has covered,
development of spinals nerve up to the spinal root,
optical lens & hole of ear apparently.
Day 6-18
Day 6 : Wing & leg appearance
Day 8 &9 : feather seed has
performed
Day 13 : embryo color performed
Day 16: the beak, toes performed
Feed supplay from albumen finished
then be continued from egg yolk
Day 19
Egg yolk enter to the body
The beak attached to the air sac
Functioning of lungs
Embryo position: the head under the right wing
facing to the air sac
The legs position fold to the head position (the
head in between of two legs)
Mandible going to bones for making piping.
Neck muscle growth faster & strengthen for
energy supporting.
Allenton was not function any more cell
function. Dried, any blood stream attached to the
egg cell.

Day 20 hatchery process
Day 20 : piping of egg shell
Day 21 : hact.
Development of Chicken Embryo
during Hatchery Process
Development of Chicken Embryo
during Hatchery Process