A new business, it begin by setting up ledger accounts. For an established business, begin with account balances carried over from the previous period. An account (ledger account) is an accounting device used to record changes in a specific asset, liability or owners' equity item.
A new business, it begin by setting up ledger accounts. For an established business, begin with account balances carried over from the previous period. An account (ledger account) is an accounting device used to record changes in a specific asset, liability or owners' equity item.
A new business, it begin by setting up ledger accounts. For an established business, begin with account balances carried over from the previous period. An account (ledger account) is an accounting device used to record changes in a specific asset, liability or owners' equity item.
ACCOUNTING PRESENTATION. BY HERICK ONDIGO SCHOOL OF BUSINESS, UoN The Accounting Cycle For a new business, it begin by setting up ledger accounts. For an established business, begin with account balances carried over from the previous period. The Steps In The Accounting Cycle 1. Analyze source documents & record business transactions in a journal 2. Post journal entries to the ledger accounts 3. Prepare unadjusted trial balance (TB) 4. Journalize and post end of period adjustments (EOPA) 5. Prepare adjusted Trial Balance 6. Prepare /Create financial statements & reports from data in adjusted TB 7. Journalize and post the closing entries 8. Prepare the post-closing trial balance 9. Prepare and post reversing entries
Detailed Steps in the Accounting Cycle
Analyze Business Transactions . Journalize transactions in the journal. Post entries to the accounts in the ledger. Prepare unadjusted trial balance. Prepare financial statements. Post-closing trial balance Journalize and post closing entries Journalize and post adjusting entries Prepare adjusted trial balance. Analysis and Recording Business Transactions Business transaction is an economic event that causes a change in the financial position Financial Position: What the entity controls How the entity controls them (claims) Fundamental Accounting Equation
ASSETS = EQUITIES
ASSETS = LIABILITIES + OWNERS' EQUITY How do we use the Accounting equation? Recall the Basic Accounting Equation: Assets = Liabilities + Shareholders Equity Implications: Total Asset=Claims against the assets Therefore : If assets increase : either Liabilities and/or Shareholders should also increase and vice versa For example: borrow cash, cash (asset) will increase and Liabilities will increase when it is paid back: cash (asset) will decrease and liabilities will decrease How do we record/Account? An ACCOUNT (ledger Account) : is an accounting device used to record changes in a of a specific asset, liability or owners equity item Has 3 elements: title, debit side and credit side (also called the T-Account) Changes in the accounts are entered manually into a book called a ledger or computerized ledger Basic forms of book ledgers: the two-column account format, and the running format account Chart of accounts
Definition of Ledger Account Ledger Account Complete listing of business transactions for an individual account Where you look if you want to find the balance of any given account General Ledger A loose-leaf book or computer file containing all the Ledger Accounts Each account from the chart of accounts has its own ledger account in the general ledger Complete listing of all account tittles and account names/codes used by an entity is called the chart of accounts - It is like a table of content in a book Forms of Ledgers Date Item Post. Ref. * Debit Date Item Posting Reference Credit Account No: Account Left-hand or Right-hand or Debit Side Credit Side Account Name Account No: Two-Column Account T-Account form that depicts the two-column account: How do accounts behave? Assets = Liabilities + Shareholders Equity + + +
So Assets increase on the left hand or debit side then they decrease on the credit side
Assets + - debit credit Behavior of Accounts cont Liabilities and Owners Equity accounts increase on the credit side, decrease on the debit side Liabilities or Owners Equity Accounts
- +
debit credit Transaction Analysis and The Duality Concept Double entry system states that every transactions affects at least two accounts. Therefore If an asset account increases (decreases), because of duality concept there must be a corresponding: 1. increase(decrease) in a specific liability account 2. or a decrease(increase) in a another asset account 3. or an increase(decrease) in owners' equity account.
Accounting Is Fun! What Is a General Journal? The book in which a person enters the original record of a business transaction Commonly referred to as a book of original entry Chronological listing of all the business transactions for the company Each listing records the debits and credits associated with that business transaction A book or a location on a hard drive where all business transactions are listed Like a diary Whats in a Journal Entry? 1. Date 2. At least one debit entry Debit account, use exact account title, do not indent titles 3. At least one credit entry Credit account, use exact account title, indent titles 4. An explanation of the transaction: Check number Invoice number Accounts receivable customer name Many other elements OR details as appropriate Remember: the accountant must leave a good audit trail so that users of accounting information can understand what occurred with each transaction DR=CR Illustration of the accounting process 1. On Jan 1 2010 Ms.Farida invested $100,000 at the inception of the business, Express Travel Agency Event No Assets Liabilities Owners Equity 1 +100.000 No change +100.000 Total 100.000 0 100.000 GENERAL JOURNAL Page 1 Date Account Title and Description Acct.No. Debit Credit 1 Jan 2004 Cash 100 100.000 Capital 500 100.000 Investment by the shareholders 2. On 1 January employed a full time secretary and a sales representative.
Event No Assets Liabilities Owners Equity 1 +100.000 No change +100.000 2 No change No change No change Total 100.000 0 100.000 3. On 1 January rented an office building and paid 3 months rent of $600.
Event No Assets Liabilities Owners Equity 1 +100.000 No change +100.000 2 No change No change No change 3 +600 No change No change -600 No change No change Total 100.000 0 100.000 GENERAL JOURNAL Page 1 Date Account Title and Description Acct.No. Debit Credit 1 Jan 2004 Prepaid Rent 180 600 Cash 100 600 Payment of 3 months of rent in advance 4. On 2 January office furniture and equipment is purchased for $ 15,000 , for which $ 5,000 is paid in cash and the rest would be paid later in January and February 2010. Event No Assets Liabilities Owners Equity 1 +100.000 No change +100.000 2 No change No change No change 3 +600 No change No change -600 No change No change 4 +15.000 +10.000 No change -5.000 Total 110.000 10.000 100.000 GENERAL JOURNAL Page 1 Date Account Title and Description Acct.No Debit Credit 2 Jan 2004 Furniture and Equipment 255 15.000 Cash 100 5.000 Accounts Payable 320 10000 Purchase of furniture and equipment 5. On 3 January insured the office building and the equipment effective from 1 January to 31 December 2010 and paid $ 120 for the whole period. Event No Assets Liabilities Owners Equity 1 +100.000 No change +100.000 2 No change No change No change 3 +600 No change No change -600 No change No change 4 +15.000 +10.000 No change -5.000 5 +120 No change No change -120 Total 110.000 10.000 100.000 GENERAL JOURNAL Page 1 Date Account Title and Description Acct.No. Debit Credit 3 Jan 2004 Prepaid Insurance 180 120 Cash 100 120 Purchase of insurance policy 6. On 5 January the company signed an agreement with Keya Airline to sell their airline tickets and receive commissions in return. Event No Assets Liabilities Owners Equity 1 +100.000 No change +100.000 2 No change No change No change 3 +600 No change No change -600 No change No change 4 +15.000 +10.000 No change -5.000 5 +120 No change No change -120 6 No change No change No change Total 110.000 10.000 100.000 7. On 10 January Express Travel Agency borrowed $15,000 from the bank at an annual interest rate of 24% for six months. The principal and the interest of the loan will be paid together on 10 July 2010. Event No Assets Liabilities Owners Equity 1 +100.000 No change +100.000 2 No change No change No change 3 +600 No change No change -600 No change No change 4 +15.000 +10.000 No change -5.000 5 +120 No change No change -120 6 No change No change No change 7 +15.000 +15.000 No change Total 125.000 25.000 100.000 7. On 10 January Express Travel Agency borrowed $ 15,000 from the bank at an annual interest rate of 24% for six months. The principal and the interest of the loan will be paid together on 10 July 2010.
GENERAL JOURNAL Page 1 Date Account Title and Description Acct.No. Debit Credit 10 Jan 2004 Cash 100 15.000 Bank Loan 300 15.000 Borrowing from the bank 8. On 10 January purchased office supplies for $2.500 in cash.
Event No Assets Liabilities Owners Equity 1 +100.000 No change +100.000 2 No change No change No change 3 +600 No change No change -600 No change No change 4 +15.000 +10.000 No change -5.000 5 +120 No change No change -120 6 No change No change No change 7 +15.000 +15.000 No change 8 +2.500 No change No change -2.500 Total 125.000 25.000 100.000 8. On 10 January purchased office supplies for $2,500 in cash.
GENERAL JOURNAL Page 1 Date Account Title and Description Acct.No. Debit Credit 10 Jan 2004 Office Supplies 136 2.500 Cash 100 2.500 Purchase of office supplies 9. During the first half of January the agency sold tickets to various customers and on 16 January issued a commission invoice to clients amounting to $5,000 that will be collected later in January 2010.
Event No Assets Liabilities Owners Equity 1 +100.000 No change +100.000 2 No change No change No change 3 +600 No change No change -600 No change No change 4 +15.000 +10.000 No change -5.000 5 +120 No change No change -120 6 No change No change No change 7 +15.000 +15.000 No change 8 +2.500 No change No change -2.500 9 +5.000 No change +5.000 Total 130.000 25.000 105.000 9. During the first half of January the agency sold tickets to various customers and on 16 January issued a commission invoice to clients amounting to $ 5,000 that will be collected later in January 2010.
Left or Debit Side Right or Credit Side Decrease Increase Revenue Accounts GENERAL JOURNAL Page 1 Date Account Title and Description Acct.No. Debit Credit 16 Jan 2004 Accounts Receivable 120 5.000 Commission Revenue 600 5.000 Recognition of commission on ticket sales 10. On 20 January the company paid $5,000 for the furniture and equipment that were purchased on 2 January.
Event No Assets Liabilities Owners Equity 1 +100.000 No change +100.000 2 No change No change No change 3 +600 No change No change -600 No change No change 4 +15.000 +10.000 No change -5.000 5 +120 No change No change -120 6 No change No change No change 7 +15.000 +15.000 No change 8 +2.500 No change No change -2.500 9 +5.000 No change +5.000 10 -5000 -5000 No change Total 125.000 20.000 105.000 10. On 20 January the company paid $5.000 for the furniture and equipment that were purchased on 2 January.
GENERAL JOURNAL Page 1 Date Account Title and Description Acct.No. Debit Credit 20 Jan 2004 Accounts Payable 320 5.000 Cash 100 5.000 Payment for an accounts payable 11. On 22 January received $7,500 from a customer for organizing the accounting conference that will be held on February 2, 2010.
Event No Assets Liabilities Owners Equity 1 +100.000 No change +100.000 2 No change No change No change 3 +600 No change No change -600 No change No change 4 +15.000 +10.000 No change -5.000 5 +120 No change No change -120 6 No change No change No change 7 +15.000 +15.000 No change 8 +2.500 No change No change -2.500 9 +5.000 No change +5.000 10 -5.000 -5.000 No change 11 +7.500 +7.500 No change Total 132.500 27.500 105.000 11. On 22 January the company received $7.500 from a customer for organizing the accounting conference that will be held on 2 February 2010.
GENERAL JOURNAL Page 1 Date Account Title and Description Acct.No. Debit Credit 22 Jan 2004 Cash 100 7.500 Unearned Revenues 340 7.500 Receipt of advance payment from a customer 12. The company received the full payment of commission charged to Kenya Airlines of $ 5.000 on 23 January.
Event No Assets Liabilities Owners Equity 1 +100.000 No change +100.000 2 No change No change No change 3 +600 No change No change -600 No change No change 4 +15.000 +10.000 No change -5.000 5 +120 No change No change -120 6 No change No change No change 7 +15.000 +15.000 No change 8 +2.500 No change No change -2.500 9 +5.000 No change +5.000 10 -5.000 -5.000 No change 11 +7.500 +7.500 No change 12 +5.000 No change No change -5.000 Total 132.500 27.500 105.000 12. The company received the full payment of commission charged to Kenya Airline s of $ 5,000 on 23 January.
GENERAL JOURNAL Page 1 Date Account Title and Description Acct.No. Debit Credit 23 Jan 2004 Cash 100 5.000 Accounts Receivable 120 5.000 Receipt of payment from a customer 13. On 24 January paid salaries of $ 9,000 employees in cash.
Event No Assets Liabilities Owners Equity 7 +15.000 +15.000 No change 8 +2.500 No change No change -2.500 9 +5.000 No change +5.000 10 -5.000 -5.000 No change 11 +7.500 +7.500 No change 12 +5.000 No change No change -5.000 13 -9.000 No change -9.000 Total 123.500 27.500 96.000 13. On 24 January paid salaries of $ 9,000 employees in cash.
Left or Debit Side Right or Credit Side Increase Decrease Expense Accounts GENERAL JOURNAL Page 1 Date Account Title and Description Acct.No. Debit Credit 24 Jan 2004 Salary Expense 770 9.000 Cash 100 9.000 Payment of salaries 14. During the second half of January the agency sold tickets to various customers and on 31 January issued a commission invoice to Kenya Airline amounting to $ 7,500 which will be collected in February 2010.
Event No Assets Liabilities Owners Equity 8 +2.500 No change No change -2.500 9 +5.000 No change +5.000 10 -5.000 -5.000 No change 11 +7.500 +7.500 No change 12 +5.000 No change No change -5.000 13 -9.000 No change -9.000 14 +7.500 No change +7.500 Total 131.000 27.500 103.500 14. During the second half of January the agency sold tickets to various customers and on 31 Jan sent an invoice to Kenya Airline amounting to $7,500 which will be collected in February 2010
GENERAL JOURNAL Page 1 Date Account Title and Description Acct.No. Debit Credit 31 Jan 2004 Accounts Receivable 120 7.500 Commission Revenues 600 7.500 Recognition of commission on ticket sales 15. Ms. Farida ( the proprietor) withdrew $ 3,000 on 31 January for her personal use.
Event No Assets Liabilities Owners Equity 7 +15.000 +15.000 No change 8 +2.500 No change No change -2.500 9 +5.000 No change +5.000 10 -5.000 -5.000 No change 11 +7.500 +7.500 No change 12 +5.000 No change No change -5.000 13 -9.000 No change -9.000 14 +7.500 No change +7.500 15 -3.000 No change -3.000 Total 128,000 27,500 100,500 15. Ms. Farida withdrew $ 3.000 on 31 January for personal use.
Left or Debit Side Right or Credit Side Increase Decrease Owners' Withdrawals or Dividends GENERAL JOURNAL Page 1 Date Account Title and Description Acct.No. Debit Credit 31 Jan 2004 Withdrawals XXX 3,000 Cash 100 3,000 Withdrawal by the owner Summary of Journalizing Steps: 1. Determine the effects of transactions on three components of the accounting equation, 2. Determine which specific accounts are affected, and 3. Assure that total of the increases should be equal to either increases on the other side of the equation or to decreases on the same side, or a combination there of.
Behavior of Accounts- Summary Assets = Liabilities + Owners Equity + - - + - + Dr Cr Dr Cr Dr Cr Expense Revenue + - - + Dr Cr Dr Cr
Withdrawals/Dividends + - Dr Cr Accounting Cycle-Revisited Analyze and record the transactions Post the transactions and prepare trial balance Adjust the accounts and prepare trial balance Close the accounts and prepare trial balance Prepare the financial statements Posting -Defined The process of transferring figures from the journal to the ledger accounts It simply involves transferring data from one accounting entry into another The purpose is to classify and summarize transactions and events affecting specific elements of the financial statements
Four-Step Posting Process 1. Transfer transaction date to accounts date column 2. Transfer the debit/credit amount and calculate the new balance 3. Write journal page number in posting reference column of ledger as a cross-reference 4. Go back to journal and write account number in posting reference column of journal as a cross- reference Cross-reference The ledger account number in the Post. Ref. column of the journal and the journal page number in the Post. Ref. column of the ledger account
Posting to The Ledger illustrated GENERAL JOURNAL Page 1 Date Account Title and Description Acct.No. Debit Credit 1 Jan 2004 Cash 100 100.000 Capital 500 100.000 Investment by the shareholders LEDGER - Cash Acc. No. 100 Date Description Ref Debit Credit Debit Balance Credit Balance 1 Jan 2004 Capital P 1 100,000 100,000 LEDGER - Capital Acc. No. 500 Date Description Ref Debit Credit Debit Balance Credit Balance 1 Jan 2004 Cash P 1 100,000 100,000 LEDGER - Cash Acc. No. 100 Date Description Debit Credit 1 Jan Capital 100,000 1 Jan Office rent 600 2 Jan Office furniture and equipment 5,000 3 Jan insurance expense 120 10 Jan Bank loan 15,000 10 Jan Office supplies 2,500 20 Jan Accounts payable 5,000 22 Jan Unearned Revenue 7,500 23 Jan Acccounts Recievable 5,000 24 Jan salaries expense 9,000 31 Jan Withdrawal 3,000 Posting illustrated Exercise Post all the above transactions (journal entries) to the following ledger accounts: Prepaid Rent, Office supplies, Prepaid insurance, Office Furniture & Equipment, Bank loan, Accounts Payable, Unearned Revenue, Capital, Withdrawals, Commission Revenue, & Salary Expense Cast the ledger accounts Determine the balances carried down (Bal c/d) and balances brought down (b/d) Prepare a summary of the ledger balances in a two columnar listing to derive the Trial Balance( TB)
Category of the Account Increase Recorded By Normal Balance Assets Debits Debit Liabilities Credits Credit Shareholders Equity Capital Credits Credit Dividends or Withdrawals Debits Debit Revenues Credits Credit Expenses Debits Debit SUMMARY -Normal Balances of Accounts Preparing a Trial Balance List the ledger account balances in two columns on the trial balance Left column = Debits Right column = Credits Trial balance proves DR = CR
The Balancing of Accounts, The Trial Balance & Financial statements Introduction: In the previous exercise , you have learned the principles of double entry and how to post to the ledger accounts. The next step in our progress towards the financial statements is the trial balance. Before transferring the relevant balances at the year end to the financial statements, it is usual to test the accuracy of the double entry bookkeeping records by preparing a trial balance. This is done by taking all the balances on every account. Due to the nature of double entry, the total of the debit balances will be exactly equal to the total of the credit balances.
The Balancing of Accounts & The Trial Balance Question: Once you have closed all the accounts, what would do? Answer: Prepare a Trial Balance Question: What is a Trial Balance then? What is it for? How does it look like? Answer: A Trial Balance is a list of nominal ledger account and their balances at a given date. It is usually prepared on the last day of the accounting period. It consists of a Debit and a Credit balance. Its purposes: (1) It is prepared to check that the total of debit balances is the same as the total of credit balances and offer reassurance that the double entry recording from day books has been done correctly. (2) For preparation of statement of income and the statement of financial position The Balancing of Accounts & The Trial Balance The rules to prepare the Trial Balance:
Total Debit Entries = Total Credit Entries
Debit Credit Assets Expenses Drawings Income/ Revenue Liabilities Capital The Balancing of Accounts & The Trial Balance Steps to preparing the Trial Balance:
1) Balance/cast ALL the ledger accounts in the books.
2) List all the Debit balances on the debit side and add them up.
3) List all the Credit balances on the credit side and add them up.
4) Ideally the trial balance should balance after step 3 The Balancing of Accounts & The Trial Balance What if the trial balance shows unequal debit and credit balances? If the columns of the trial balance are not equal, there must be an error in recording or processing the transactions. 4 Errors revealed by the trial balance: The errors revealed are those errors which cause the Trial Balance totals to disagree. (i.e do not balance) There are FOUR types of errors revealed by a trial balance: 1) Posting to the wrong side of an account. 2) Errors in calculation and balancing 3) Incorrect amounts entered on one entry 4) Omission of one entry. The Balancing of Accounts & The Trial Balance
Question: How do we locate all of the above errors?
Answers: 1) Check day-book (journal) totals 2) Check additions of Ledger accounts, ensure each balance is correct 3) Check all ledger account balances have been recorded in the Trial Balance. 4) Check all balances have been entered in the Trial Balance on the correct side. 5) Check additions have been done correctly
The Balancing of Accounts,& The Trial Balance
Question: Once you are sure there is no mistake made in the Trial Balance, what do you do in the next step?
Answers: Prepare End of Period Adjustment & then prepare the following statements: 1) Statement of Income 2) Statement of Financial Position
In short, these are the steps: 1) Trial Balance 2) End of Period Adjustments 3) Statement of Income 4) Statement of Financial position
The Balancing of Accounts & The Trial Balance However, a trial balance will not disclose the following types of errors: (Errors not revealed by the trial balance)
1) Errors of omission Complete omission of a transaction, because neither a debit nor a credit is made.
2) Errors of commission This happens when original figure incorrectly entered. (Correct double entries but incorrect amounts were recorded)
The Balancing of Accounts & The Trial Balance 3) Compensating errors This happens where errors cancel out each other. (eg an error of 100 is exactly cancelled by another 100 error elsewhere). 4) Errors of principles This happens when the wrong type of account had been used (eg the purchase of a motor van is debited to a expense account, such as motor expenses, rather than a fixed asset account) 5) Complete reversal of entries This happens when an account should be debited but was credited (and vice versa)
The Trial Balance Accounts Debit Credit Cash 102,280 Accounts Receivable 7,500 Office Supplies 2,500 Prepaid Rent 600 Prepaid Insurance 120 Office Furniture and Equipment 15,000 Bank Loan 15,000 Accounts Payable 5,000 Unearned Revenues 7,500 Capital 100,000 Withdrawal 3,000 Commission Revenues 12,500 Salary Expenses 9,000 Total 140,000 140,000 Express Travel Agency Trial Balance 31-Jan-10 in $ THE END THANK YOU