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Chapter 1

Introduction
Contents
Drawing standards
Engineering drawing
Drawing sheet
Scale
Lettering
Line types
Engineering
Drawing
The words of the language, as they are written or spoken, do not seem to play any role in my
mechanism of thought. The psychical entities which seem to serve as elements in thought are
certain signs and more or less clear images which can be voluntarily reproduced and
combined--this combinatory play seems to be the essential feature in productive thought before
there is any connection with logical construction in words or other kinds of signs which are
communicated to others
--Albert Einstein
Contents
1. Try to write a description of
this object.
2. Test your written description
by having someone attempt
to make a sketch or visualize
from your description.
Effectiveness of Graphic Language
The word language is inadequate for describing the size,
shape and features completely as well as concisely.
You can easily understand that
Graphic Language in
Engineering Drawing
Engineering drawing or blueprint uses lines to
represent the features of an object.
Features of an object are surface (include plane) and
edge.
Surface
Edge
A drawing can be created in 3 ways
Ways to Create an
Engineering Drawing
1. Freehand sketch
2. Using typical drawing instruments
3. Using a computer
Example
Create a Drawing : Freehand sketch
The lines are drawn using only pencil and erasers on a
blank or grid paper.
Pictorial sketch
Orthographic sketch
Example
Create a Drawing : Using instruments
Drawing instruments are used to
draw straight lines, circles, and
curves concisely and accurately.
Drawings are usually made to scale.
Example
Create a Drawing : Using a computer
Computer aided drafting (CAD) software is used.
2D drawing
Solid modeling
Elements of a Drawing
A clear and precise engineering drawing requires both
graphics and word languages.
Graphics language
Describe a shape (mainly).
Word language
Describe an exact size,
location and specification
of the object.
Text on drawings : Example
General
notes
Title
block
Dimensions
&
Notes
Knowledge and Skills Require
Graphics
language
Word
language
Dimensions & Notes
Visualization is the ability to mentally picture things that do not exists.
Visualization Using line types
Geometric
construction
Projection
method
Engineering Drawing
Contents
Drawing Standard
Drawing sheet Scale Lettering Line types Contents
Definition and Necessity
Drawing standards are set of rules that govern how
technical drawings are represented.
Drawing standards are used so that drawings convey
the same meaning to everyone who reads them.
Drafting Equipment
To prepare engineering drawing, special drawing instruments are required.
Drawing Paper (A3)
Set of Pencils (HB, 2H, 3H)
Eraser
Adhesive Tape
Tee-Square
Scale / Ruler
Compass
Set-Square 45
Set-Square 30 -60
Protractor- 180 or 360
French curves
Circle master
Drawing Board
Type Of Lines & Pencils
Pencils
2 types of pencils are used: Mechanical & Drawing
Advantages of Mechanical Pencils;
Could maintain the constant length and thickness of the lines
Easy refill
Permits the lead to be used till the end
Less expensive on the long run
Drawing Pencils are made of graphite and polymer binder
or clay at different concentration.
Drawing Pencils are graded based on the different
composition.
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Type Of Lines & Pencils cont
Drawing Pencil Grades;
9H, 8H, 7H, 6H, 5H, 4H Hard; only used for high accuracy like
graphical computations, charts & diagrams. Used to draw lines in
Engineering Drawing, however limited.
3H, 2H, H, F, HB, B Medium; Used for general purpose works
in technical drawings such as sketching, arrowheads, & letterings.
2B, 3B, 4B, 5B, 6B, 7B Soft; these are too soft to be used in
drawings as they easily smudged and difficult to erase the traces.
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Drawing Standards
Drawing standards differs depending region.
Different standards are different drawing rules.
When a designer works with an engineering drawing they must
be familiar with the precise meaning of;
Various line styles
Abbreviations
Drawing simplifications
Standards are developed both privately by companies and by
internationally recognized institutions.
2 common standards used in Engineering Drawings are
British Standard Institution: BS 8888 (Superseded BS 308)
American National Standards Institute: Y14 series

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Drawing Standards Cont
Exp. Of Sub-Standards in ANSI Y.14;
Started in 1975 in Detroit, MI, and revised every 5 years or
so.
ANSI Y14.1 Drawing Sheet Size and Format
ANSI Y14.2 Line Conventions and Lettering
ANSI Y14.3 Multi and Sectional View Drawings
ANSI Y14.4 American Drafting Standards Manual
ANSI Y14.5 Dimensioning and Tolerance
ANSI Y14.6 Screw Thread Representation
ANSI Y14.7 Gear Drawing Standard
ANSI Y14.8 Castings
ANSI Y14.9 Forgings
ANSI Y14.1 Metal Stampings
ANSI Y14.13 to Section 36 Springs, electrical, Title and
Notes,

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ISO International Standards Organization
Standard Code
ANSI American National Standard Institute
USA
JIS Japanese Industrial Standard
Japan
BS British Standard
UK
AS Australian Standard
Australia
Deutsches Institut fr Normung DIN Germany
Country Code
Full name
./TIS
Thailand
JIS Z 8311 Sizes and Format of Drawings
JIS Z 8312 Line Conventions
JIS Z 8313 Lettering
JIS Z 8314 Scales
JIS Z 8315 Projection methods
JIS Z 8316 Presentation of Views and Sections
JIS Z 8317 Dimensioning
Code number Contents
Examples of JIS Standard
Drawing Standard
Drawing Sheet

Drawing standard Contents
Drawing Sheet : Standard size
Trimmed paper of
a size A0 ~ A4.
Standard sheet size
(JIS)

A4 210 x 297
A3 297 x 420
A2 420 x 594
A1 594 x 841
A0 841 x 1189
A4
A3
A2
A1
A0
(Dimensions in millimeters)
Drawing space
Drawing
space
Title block
d
d
c

c

c
Border
lines
1. Type X (A0~A4)
2. Type Y (A4 only)
Title block
Sheet size c (min) d (min)

A4 10 25
A3 10 25
A2 10 25
A1 20 25
A0 20 25
Drawing Sheet : Orientation & Margin
Layout of Drawing
The preferred size of drawing sheets are
given in table below.
15 mm
7mm
10mm
NAME:
CLASS:
TITLE:
SCALE:
DATE:
120 mm
75 mm
Drawing Standard
Drawing Scale

Drawing standard Contents
Drawing Scales : Definition
Drawing Actual
Length, size
:
Scale is a ratio between the linear dimension of a
drawn representation of an object and the actual object.
1 2
Designation of a scale consists of the word SCALE
followed by the indication of its ratio, as follows
SCALE 1:1 for full size
SCALE X:1 (X > 1) for an enlargement scales
SCALE 1:X (X > 1) for a reduction scales
Drawing Scales : Designation
Drawing scale is commonly found in a title block.
Dimension numbers shown in the drawing represent
the true size of an object and they are independent of
the drawing scale used.
Drawing Scales : Notes
Standard reducing scales are
1:2, 1:5, 1:10, 1:20, 1:50, 1:100
Drawing Scales : Standard scale
Standard enlarging scales are
2:1, 5:1, 10:1, 20:1, 50:1, 100:1
Drawing Standard
Lettering

Drawing standard Contents
- Size (or text height)
- line thickness
- Shape
- Space between letters
- Space between words
Recommendation
Legibility
Uniformity
Texts style on the drawing
must have the following
2 properties
Examples
GOOD
Not uniform in style.
Not uniform in height.
Not uniformly vertical.
Not uniform in
thickness of stroke.
Inappropriate space
between letters
Style (this course)
Gothic vertical style.
Begin the sentence, phrase or word with a capital letter.
Text height 2~3 mm.
Space between lines of text is about of text height.
Height of the lower-case letter is about 2/3 of that of a
capital letter.
Basic Strokes
Straight Slanted Curved Horizontal
1 1 2
3
I letter A letter
1
2
3
4 5
6
B letter
Examples
Suggested Strokes Sequence
Straight line
letters
Curved line
letters
&
Numerals
Upper-case Letters & Numerals
Lower-case Letters
I L
T
F
E H
Stroke Sequence : Upper-case
Skip section
V X W
Stroke Sequence : Upper-case
Skip section
N M K Z
Y A
4
Stroke Sequence : Upper-case
Skip section
O Q C G
Stroke Sequence : Upper-case
Skip section
D U P B
R J
Stroke Sequence : Upper-case
Skip section
5 7
Stroke Sequence : Upper-case
1 2
Skip section
6
8 9
0
S
3
Stroke Sequence : Upper-case
Skip section
l i
Stroke Sequence : Lower-case
Skip section
v w x k
z
Stroke Sequence : Lower-case
Skip section
j y f
r
t
Stroke Sequence : Lower-case
Skip section
c o a b
d p
q e
Stroke Sequence : Lower-case
Skip section
g n m h
u s
Stroke Sequence : Lower-case
Skip section
DRAWING
Word Composition
Non-uniform
spacing
Uniform
spacing
D R A W I N G
Space between the letters depends on the adjacent
contour of the letters.
Word having non-uniform spacing is more readable.
Word Composition
Contour
DRAWING
Contour can be denoted as straight, slant and curve.
Adjacent contour can be
1. straight-straight : II, IN, IM, IP etc.
2. straight-curve (or curve-straight) : IO, QR etc.
3. straight-slant (or slant-straight) : IV, IW etc.
4. curve-curve : OO, OG etc.
5. slant-curve (or curve-slant) : VO, WG, VC etc.
6. slant-slant : VW, VX etc.
S
p
a
c
i
n
g

Leave the space between words equal to the space
requires for writing a letter O.
Example
Sentence Composition
ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN
MILLIMETERS
O O O
O UNLESS
OTHERWISE SPECIFIED. O
Drawing Standard
Line Types

Drawing standard Contents
Basic Line Types &
Name according to application
Continuous
Dash
Chain
Style
Thickness
Thick Thin
1. Dimension line
2. Extension line
3. Leader line
Center line
Hidden line
Visible line
represent features that can be seen in the current view.
represent features that can not be seen in the current view.
represents symmetry, path of motion, centers of circles,
axis of axisymmetrical parts
indicate the sizes and location of features.
1. Visible line
3. Hidden line
4. Center line
2. Dimension line
Extension line
Leader line
Example
Contents

Example Of Eng. Drawing

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