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Fig.

17-UN1
Transcription unit
Promoter
RNA transcript
RNA polymerase
Template strand
of DNA
5
5
5 3
3
3
Fig. 18-6a
DNA
Signal
Gene
NUCLEUS
Chromatin modification
Chromatin
Gene available
for transcription
Exon
Intron
Tail
RNA
Cap
RNA processing
Primary transcript
mRNA in nucleus
Transport to cytoplasm
CYTOPLASM
Transcription
Fig. 18-6b
mRNA in cytoplasm
Translation
CYTOPLASM
Degradation
of mRNA
Protein processing
Polypeptide
Active protein
Cellular function
Transport to cellular
destination
Degradation
of protein
Fig. 18-18
Antenna
Mutant Wild type
Eye
Leg
Fig. 18-3a
Polypeptide subunits that make up
enzymes for tryptophan synthesis
(a) Tryptophan absent, repressor inactive, operon on
DNA
mRNA 5
Protein Inactive
repressor
RNA
polymerase
Regulatory
gene
Promoter Promoter
trp operon
Genes of operon
Operator
Stop codon
Start codon
mRNA
trpA
5
3
trpR trpE trpD trpC trpB
A B C D E
Fig. 18-3b-1
(b) Tryptophan present, repressor active, operon off
Tryptophan
(corepressor)
No RNA made
Active
repressor
mRNA
Protein
DNA
Fig. 18-3b-2
(b) Tryptophan present, repressor active, operon off
Tryptophan
(corepressor)
No RNA made
Active
repressor
mRNA
Protein
DNA
Fig. 18-4a
(a) Lactose absent, repressor active, operon off
DNA
Protein
Active
repressor
RNA
polymerase
Regulatory
gene
Promoter
Operator
mRNA
5
3
No
RNA
made
lacI lacZ
Fig. 18-4b
(b) Lactose present, repressor inactive, operon on
mRNA
Protein
DNA
mRNA 5
Inactive
repressor
Allolactose
(inducer)
5
3
RNA
polymerase
Permease Transacetylase
lac operon
-Galactosidase
lacY lacZ lacA lacI
Fig. 18-8-1
Enhancer
(distal control elements)
Proximal
control elements
Poly-A signal
sequence
Termination
region
Downstream
Promoter
Upstream
DNA
Exon Exon Exon Intron Intron
Fig. 18-8-2
Enhancer
(distal control elements)
Proximal
control elements
Poly-A signal
sequence
Termination
region
Downstream
Promoter
Upstream
DNA
Exon Exon Exon Intron Intron
Cleaved 3 end
of primary
transcript
Primary RNA
transcript
Poly-A
signal
Transcription
5
Exon Exon Exon Intron Intron
Fig. 18-8-3
Enhancer
(distal control elements)
Proximal
control elements
Poly-A signal
sequence
Termination
region
Downstream
Promoter
Upstream
DNA
Exon Exon Exon Intron Intron
Exon Exon Exon Intron Intron
Cleaved 3 end
of primary
transcript
Primary RNA
transcript
Poly-A
signal
Transcription
5
RNA processing
Intron RNA
Coding segment
mRNA
5 Cap 5 UTR
Start
codon
Stop
codon
3 UTR Poly-A
tail
3
Fig. 19-1
0.5 m
Fig. 19-3
RNA
Capsomere
Capsomere
of capsid
DNA
Glycoprotein
18 250 nm 7090 nm (diameter)
Glycoproteins
80200 nm (diameter) 80 225 nm
Membranous
envelope
RNA
Capsid
Head
DNA
Tail
sheath
Tail
fiber
50 nm 50 nm 50 nm 20 nm
(a) Tobacco mosaic
virus
(b) Adenoviruses (c) Influenza viruses (d) Bacteriophage T4
Transcription
and manufacture
of capsid proteins
Self-assembly of
new virus particles
and their exit from
the cell
Entry and
uncoating
Fig. 19-4
VIRUS
1
2
3
DNA
Capsid
4
Replication
HOST CELL
Viral DNA
mRNA
Capsid
proteins
Viral DNA
Fig. 19-6
Phage
DNA
Phage
The phage injects its DNA.
Bacterial
chromosome
Phage DNA
circularizes.
Daughter cell
with prophage
Occasionally, a prophage
exits the bacterial
chromosome,
initiating a lytic cycle.
Cell divisions
produce
population of
bacteria infected
with the prophage.
The cell lyses, releasing phages.
Lytic cycle
Lytic cycle
is induced
or
Lysogenic cycle
is entered
Lysogenic cycle
Prophage
The bacterium reproduces,
copying the prophage and
transmitting it to daughter cells.
Phage DNA integrates into
the bacterial chromosome,
becoming a prophage.
New phage DNA and proteins
are synthesized and
assembled into phages.
Table 19-1a
Table 19-1b
Fig. 19-7
Capsid
RNA
Envelope (with
glycoproteins)
Capsid and viral genome
enter the cell
HOST CELL
Viral genome (RNA)
Template
mRNA
ER
Glyco-
proteins
Capsid
proteins
Copy of
genome (RNA)
New virus
Fig. 19-8a
Glycoprotein
Reverse
transcriptase HIV
RNA (two
identical
strands)
Capsid
Viral envelope
HOST CELL
Reverse
transcriptase
Viral RNA
RNA-DNA
hybrid
DNA
NUCLEUS
Provirus
Chromosomal
DNA
RNA genome
for the
next viral
generation
mRNA
New virus
Fig. 19-8b
HIV
Membrane of
white blood cell
HIV entering a cell
0.25 m
New HIV leaving a cell
Fig. 20-18
TECHNIQUE
Mammary
cell donor
RESULTS
Surrogate
mother
Nucleus from
mammary cell
Cultured
mammary cells
Implanted
in uterus
of a third
sheep
Early embryo
Nucleus
removed
Egg cell
donor
Embryonic
development
Lamb (Dolly)
genetically identical to
mammary cell donor
Egg cell
from ovary
Cells fused
Grown in
culture
1
3
3
4
5
6
2

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