Life Science- 5.3.8.D.2, 5.3.8.D.

GENETICS
& CLASSIFICATION

Heredity
Gregor Mendel
Austrian Monk
studied garden pea plants to unveil
patterns of heredity

Developed the Laws of Inheritance

Mendel noticed that traits from the

pea plant parents didnt always show

up in their offspring

Heredity
2 types of traits were identified:

Dominant trait trait that appears in the

offspring, offspring only needs one
dominant allele from the parent to show up

Recessive trait trait that fades in the

background or may not show up in the
offspring, only shows up if the offspring
gets two recessive alleles from their
parents

Mendel noticed that certain traits would

reappear in later generations

Genes
Mendel discovered that each
individual carries 2 sets of
characteristics (genes)

Each offspring has two forms

of a gene (one from each
parent)
Genes - carry information that
determines your traits.

Genes
Where are They?

Genes hang out all lined up on thread-like things

called Chromosomes.
The chromosomes and genes are made of
DNA which is short for deoxyribonucleic acids
Chromosomes are found inside cells

Specifically in the nucleus of the cell. (the

nucleus is sort of like the brain of the cell)

Genes
How Do Genes Work?
Genes carry instructions for making
proteins in the cell.
Proteins are the building blocks for
everything in your body.
Did you know? Each cell in
the human body contains
25,000 to 35,000 genes.

9/25/14
Do Now: Where are Genes found and what are they
made out of ?

SWBAT- Understand how traits and characteristics

are inherited from generation of organisms to the
next
Genes are made of DNA and hang out all lined up on
thread-like things called Chromosomes.

http://youtu.be/Mehz7tCxjSE?t=13s

Alleles
Allele - different form(s) of a gene,
responsible for hereditary variation.

Dominant trait appears if it inherits the gene for that

trait from either parent; will always be expressed and
will mask a recessive trait. Shown by capital
letter(s).

Recessive trait appears only if it inherits that trait

from both parents and can only be expressed if there
are no dominant alleles present; shown by lower case
letters.

Alleles

Genotype The alleles present in an organism. inherits

from its parents, the actual gene makeup represented by

letters.
BB
Bb
bb

(Example: BB, Bb, or bb)

Purebred, also called Homozygous consists of gene pairs
with genes that are the same.
(Example: RR -or- rr)
Hybrid, also called Heterozygous and consists of gene
pairs that are different. (Example: Rr)
Note: The capital letter always is written first.
This is the "internally coded, inheritable information" carried by all
living organisms.is
.

Alleles
Phenotype is the physical appearance of a trait.
What it looks like
Example: blue eyes or brown hair

Phenotype--------- Red

Red

White

These are the physical parts, anything that is part of the

observable structure, function or behavior of a living organism.

9/30/14
Do Now: What are the two kinds of genotypes alleles ?

SWBAT- Understand how traits and characteristics are

inherited from generation of organisms to the next

Punnett Square
Punnett Square - a diagram used to predict
outcomes of genetic combinations. The Punnett
square is a summary of every possible combination of
one maternal allele with one paternal allele for each
gene being studied in the cross.

1)
2)
3)

Steps for Using the Punnett square:

One parents alleles (genotype) go along the top
The other parents alleles go down the side.
You fill in the squares like doing the communicative
property of multiplication.

Punnett Square
Practice: The Parents eyes are Brown and
Blue
B= brown eye color

b= blue eye color

Fill out the Punnett square on the right to help

answer the following questions.

BB

Bb

This organism has __50______% or

___1/2_____chance of receiving brown eyes.

Bb

bb

This organism has __50______% or

_______1/2_____ chance of receiving blue
eyes.

Bb

bb

The possible genotypes are: Bb and bb

The possible phenotypes are: Brown and Blue

The Cell and Inheritance

Key Concepts
What role do chromosomes play in
inheritance?
What events occur during meiosis?
What is the relationship between
chromosomes and genes?

Key Terms
Meiosis

Chromosomes and
Inheritance
1903- Walter Sutton was studying chromosomes in
grasshoppers.

Found that the body cells of grasshoppers have 24

chromosomes, but the sex cells only had 12 ( exactly half)

Chromosome pairs
Sutton observed that when a sperm
cell and an egg cell joined in
fertilization the resulting fertilized egg
again had 24 chromosomes.
Chromosomes exist in pairs. One
chromosome in each pair came
from the male parent and one came
from the female parent

Genes on Chromosomes
Sutton knew that alleles exist in pairs in an organism and
one alleles comes from the female parent and the other
from the male parent

Sutton realized that the paired alleles are carried on paired

chromosomes

Chromosome theory of inheritance genes are carried

from parents to offspring on chromosomes

 Meiosis
http://youtu.be/qCLmR9-YY7o?t=6s

10/3/14
Do Now: Chromosomes exist in pairs, who do they
come from?
One chromosome in each pair came from the male
parent and one came from the female parent

SWBAT- Understand how traits and characteristics are

inherited from generation of organisms to the next

Meiosis

Meiosis the process by which the number of

chromosomes is reduced by half to form sex cells sperm
and egg

The chromosome pairs separate and are distributed to two

different cells

Each of these 2 cells has half the number of chromosomes,

but these chromosomes still have 2 chromatids

In the second part of Meiosis, these chromatids separate

and the cells divide resulting in 4 sex cells, each with half
the number of chromosomes of the original cell

Meiosis

Meiosis and Punnett squares

Punnett squares show what occurs during meiosis
When chromosome pairs separate and go into different sex
cells, so do the alleles, too

10/7/14
Do Now: What are chromosomes composed of and
what are Genes?
DNA and sections of a DNA molecule

Objective: SWBAT comprehend/distinguish what forms

the genetic code, how a cell produce proteins and how
mutations affect an organism

A Lineup of Genes
Human body cells have 23 pairs of

chromosomes or 46. Each chromosome has

many genes. (around 25,000 total)

Each gene controls a trait

One chromosome pair is from the female
parent and one is from the male parent

This organism is heterozygous for some

traits and homozygous for others

Each have the same gene A

and a, b and B
Which is Which?

 What do genes control?

Objective: SWBAT comprehend/distinguish what forms

the genetic code, how a cell produce proteins

The DNA Connection

Key Concepts:
What forms the genetic code?
How does a cell produce proteins?
How can mutations affect an organism?

Key Terms:
Messenger RNA
Transfer RNA

The Genetic Code

Main function of genes

is to control the
production of proteins

Genes and DNA:

Chromosomes are made
of DNA.
Genes are sections of a
DNA molecule that
codes for one specific
protein. May contain
several hundred to a
million or more base
pairs (EX:
AGGTCACGAATTTTCC
GG)

What is a Protein?

A protein is simply a long chain of amino acids linked together by bonds. The
backbone of amino acids form strong covalent bonds and the actual amino acids form
temporary weak bonds. The most important quality to understand about proteins
is that the position of their amino acids determine their function.

Word Introductions
Nucleotides: molecules that, when joined together, make
up the structural units of RNA and DNA.

Amino acids: A group of 20 different kinds of small

molecules that link together in long chains to form proteins;
building blocks of protein.

RNA: a nucleic molecule similar to DNA that delivers DNA's

genetic message to the cytoplasm of a cell where proteins
are made
DNA: a nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions
used in the development and functioning of all known living
organisms and some viruses

Types of RNA
Messenger RNA copies code from DNA in the
nucleus and carries message to ribosomes in the
cytoplasm

Transfer RNA carries amino acids to ribosome and

adds them to the growing protein molecule

Order of Bases
DNA molecule is made up of 4 different nitrogen bases
Adenine (A), Thymine (H), Guanine (G) and Cytosine (C)

The order of the nitrogen bases along a gene forms a genetic

code that specifies what type of protein will be produced.

Proteins are made of amino acids A group of 3 base pairs

codes for a specific amino acid

Ex. CGT = alanine (an amino acid)

The order of the 3 base code units determines the order of the
amino acids and makes the different proteins

10/10/14
Do Now: Name the 4 nitrogen bases found in DNA
Adenine (A), Thymine (H), Guanine (G) and Cytosine (C)

Objective: SWBAT comprehend/distinguish what forms

the genetic code, how a cell produce proteins

How Cells Make Proteins

(Protein Synthesis)
The Role of RNA(Ribonucleic acid)

Protein synthesis takes place on ribosome in cytoplasm

(which is outside the nucleus)

RNA acts as a messenger to take the DNAs information

in the chromosomes (in the nucleus) to the ribosomes in

the cytoplasm

RNA similar to DNA, yet different in some key ways:

single strand
ribose sugar
Bases same - adenine, guanine and cytosine
different uracil instead of thymine

The steps of protein synthesis are

1.

Transcription

2. Translation

10/15/14
Do Now: List the 2differences between DNA and RNA
single strand
Bases same - adenine, guanine and cytosine
different uracil instead of thymine

Objective: SWBAT comprehend/distinguish what forms

the genetic code, how a cell produce proteins

Translating the Code

Transcription-First Step:

1. DNA molecule unzips between base pairs

2. DNA directs the production of a strand of messenger RNA
3. To form the RNA strand RNA bases pair with DNA bases.
Guanine with Cytosine, but uracil pairs with adenine instead of
Thymine

Translating the Code

Transcription-Second step:

1. Messenger RNA leaves nucleus and attaches to a

ribosome in the cytoplasm
2. Messenger RNA provides the code to make the protein
molecule
3. The ribosome moves along the messenger RNA strand

10/16/14
What carries instructions for making protein in the cell?
Genes carry instructions for making proteins in the cell.

Objective: SWBAT comprehend/explain what forms the

genetic code, how a cell produce proteins and how
mutations affect an organism

Translating the Code

Translation-First Step
1. Molecules of transfer RNA attach to messenger RNA
2. Bases of transfer RNA read the message by pairing up 3letter codes to bases of messenger RNA
3. Molecules of transfer RNA carry specific amino acids
that link in a chain
4. Order of amino acids is determined by order of 3-letter
code on messenger RNA

Translating the Code

Translation-Second step

1. Protein molecule grows longer as each transfer RNA

adds an amino acid
2. When done the transfer RNA is released into the
cytoplasm and can pick up another amino acid
3. Each transfer amino acid picks up the same type of
amino acid

Translating the Code

Summarized
1- Messenger RNA Production

2- Messenger RNA attaches to a Ribosome

3- Transfer RNA attaches to Messenger RNA
4-Protein Production continues
1&2- Transcription
3&4- Translation

10/21/14
What part of the Cell does Transcription take place and
where does Translation take place?

Transcription- In the Nucleus

Translation In the cytoplasm
Objective: SWBAT comprehend/ explain how mutations
affect an organism

Mutations
A mutation is any change in a gene or
chromosome

Mutations can cause a cell to produce an

incorrect protein during protein synthesis.

As a result of a mutation, the organisms

trait or phenotype, may be different from
what it normally would have been

If a mutation is in a body cell, it will not be

passed on to the offspring. If it is a sex cell,
it can be passed on and can affect the
offsprings phenotype

Substitution

Insertion

Deletion

Types of Mutations
Some mutations happen during DNA Replication:

A single base may be substituted for another

One or more bases may be removed from a section of

DNA or new bases inserted
Some mutations happen during Meiosis:

Chromosomes dont separate correctly

Cell can end up with too many or too few
chromosomes
Cell could end up with fragments of chromosomes

Effects of Mutations

Mutations introduce change in an

organism and so are a source of genetic

variety

Some mutations are harmful, some are

helpful, and some dont affect the
organism

Whether a mutation is harmful or not

depends partly on the environment

A mutation causing an albino animal in the

wild would be harmful, but if the animal
lived in the zoo, it would not matter

Effects of Mutations
Helpful mutations improve an organisms chances for
survival and reproduction
Ex. Bacteria that have mutations that have given them
resistance to antibiotics are more likely to survive and
reproduce

Harmful effects of Mutations are diseases or illnesses

such as Sickle cell anemia (the blood cell is misshaped)
this is an example of Substitution mutation
Heart disease, cancer, and Alzheimer's are due to
mutations in several genes.

Sources
http://www.grasshoppercontrol.com/

http://www.todayinsci.com/11/11_10.htm
http://www.accessexcellence.org/RC/VL/GG/images/genes.
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