Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chapter 1
Introduction
Physics 2010/2011
Instructor:
Telephone:
Allen Hunley
(931) 221-6116 (office)
E-Mail: allen.hunley@muhlenberg.kyschools.us
Office Hours:
Textbook:
http://teacherweb.com/KY/MSHS/AllenHunley/
www.cp7e.com
(Physics Now Web Site, free if you purchased a new edition
textbook)
Study
Suggested Study Procedure
1.
Read the assigned topics/materials before coming to the class/lab.
2.
Attend the class, take good notes, and actively participate in all the
activities in the class.
3.
Reread the topics/materials.
4.
Work the assigned problems starting the first day that they are
assigned - you will require time for this material to "sink in"!
5.
Ask questions in the interim.
6.
Use a three-hole binder for the course so that you can keep all the
materials (notes, homework assignments, answer sheets, exams, labs,
etc.) in it. This will help you to find all the necessary materials when
you prepare for your exams.
Evaluation
Lecture and lab grades are combined. You will receive the same letter
grade for the lecture course as for the lab course.
In summary, the distribution of credits among the various assignments is as
following:
Guide to letter grades is:
Homework Assignments 15 points
A = 90 - 100
Lab Activities
20 points
B = 80 89
Exams
50 points
C = 70 79
Final Exam
15 points
D = 60 69
Total
100 points
F = 0 - 59
Laboratory
Laboratory activities are highly valued in physics
and are incorporated into our classes. These
activities may consist of traditional hands-on
experiments or computer simulations. You will be
working in groups with 2-3 students in each group.
The grade is based entirely on the lab write-ups you
turn in. These activities contribute 20% of your
grade.
Physics
Chapter 1
There is no single
procedure that scientists
follow in their work.
However, there are
certain steps common to
all good scientific
investigations.
These steps are called the
scientific method.
Chapter 1
Models
Chapter 1
Hypotheses
Chapter 1
Hypotheses, continued
Chapter 1
Controlled Experiments
Units
Chapter 1
Numbers as Measurements
Systems of Measurement
Standardized systems
SI -- Systme International
Systems of Measurements,
cont
US Customary
everyday units
often uses weight, in pounds, instead of
mass as a fundamental quantity
Length
Units
SI meter, m
cgs centimeter, cm
US Customary foot, ft
Mass
Units
SI kilogram, kg
cgs gram, g
USC slug, slug
Mass
The SI unit for mass is the
kilogram.
A kilogram is defined as the
mass of a special platinumiridium alloy cylinder kept at the
International Bureau of Weights
and Measures in France.
Time
Units
Length [L]
Mass [M]
Time [T]
Chapter 1
Dimensional Analysis
Example 1
The following equation was given by a student during an
examination:
v v 0 at
has dimensions
L
T
a has dimensions
L
T2
t has dimension
Example 2
Newtons law of universal gravitation is
represented by
Mm
F G
2
r
where F is the gravitational force, M and m are
masses, and r is a length. Force has the SI
units kg m/s2. What are the SI units of the
proportionality constant G?
Prefixes
Chapter 1
SI Prefixes
In SI, units are
combined with
prefixes that
symbolize
certain powers
of 10. The most
common
prefixes and
their symbols
are shown in the
table.
Conversions
2.54 cm
15.0 in
38.1 cm
1 in
Chapter 1
Sample Problem
A typical bacterium has a mass of about 2.0 fg. Express
this measurement in terms of grams and kilograms.
Given:
mass = 2.0 fg
Unknown:
mass = ? g
mass = ? kg
Chapter 1
10
g
1 fg
Chapter 1
10
kg
3
1 10 g
Converting Units
Example 3
Convert the following:
a. 25m to cm
b. 345m to Km
c. 550cm to Km
Chapter 1
Chapter 1
A clear trend can be seen in the data. The more time that
passes after each ball is dropped, the farther the ball falls.
Chapter 1
Chapter 1
Coordinate Systems
Cartesian
Plane polar
Also called
rectangular
coordinate system
x- and y- axes
Points are labeled
(x,y)
Trigonometry Review
opposite side
sin
hypotenuse
adjacent side
cos
hypotenuse
opposite side
tan
adjacent side
More Trigonometry
Pythagorean Theorem
2
2
2
r x y
To find an angle, you need the inverse
trig function
1
sin 0.707 45
for example,
Be sure your calculator is set
appropriately for degrees or radians
Draw a diagram
Choose equation(s)
Be organized
Example 4
A certain corner of a room is selected as
the origin of a rectangular coordinate
system. If a fly is crawling on an adjacent
wall at a point having coordinates (2.0,
1.0), where the units are meters, what is
the distance of the fly from the corner of
the room?
Example 5
For the triangle shown in Figure P1.39, what are (a)
the length of the unknown side, (b) the tangent of
, and (c) the sine of ?
Example 6
A high fountain of water is located at the center of a circular
pool as shown in Figure P1.41. Not wishing to get his feet
wet, a student walks around the pool and measures its
circumference to be 15.0 m. Next, the student stands at the
edge of the pool and uses a protractor to gauge the angle of
elevation at the bottom of the fountain to be 55.0. How high
is the fountain?
Example 7
A surveyor measures the distance across a
straight river by the following method:
Starting directly across from a tree on the
opposite bank, he walks 100 m along the
riverbank to establish a baseline. Then he
sights across to the tree. The angle from his
baseline to the tree is 35.0. How wide is
the river?
Chapter 1
Uncertainty in Measurements
Significant Figures
Chapter 1
Example 8
How many significant digits are in each of
the following:
a.) 0.007
b.) 1.09
c.) 100
d.) 0.8090
Example 9
A fisherman catches two striped bass. The smaller
of the two has a measured length of 93.46 cm (two
decimal places, four significant figures), and the
larger fish has a measured length of 135.3 cm (one
decimal place, four significant figures). What is the
total length of fish caught for the day?
Example 10
Using your calculator, find, in scientific notation with
appropriate rounding,
(a) the value of (2.437 104)(6.5211 109)/(5.37 104)
and
(b) (3.14159 102)(27.01 104)/(1 234 106).
Derived Units
Area is measured in m2
Volume is measured in m3
Speed is measured in m/s