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MECHANICAL

PROPERTIES
OF MATTER
Dental Materials
Loma Linda University School of Dentistry

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
Definition:

= Properties resulting from the


application of force to a body

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

I. Stress and Strain


FORCE = M (Mass) x A (Acceleration)
= tendency to change the position of rest
or motion of a mass.
Deformation occurs if the position or motion of the
mass cant be changed

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

FORCE = M x A

Pound

Newton

= force required to accelerate


1 pound 1 foot/sec2

= force required to accelerate


1 kilogram 1 meter/sec2
Often expressed in meganewtons (MN)
[mega = one million newtons]

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

Force

=MxA

Stress ()= Force / Area


= Pressure
= internal resistance to external force
Equal in magnitude but opposite in direction
Measured as lbs/in2 (psi) or newtons/m2

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

Types of Stress

Tensile: Stretching, elongating type force


Compressive: Shortening or pushing together
Shear: Twisting or sliding of one part past another
Most stress is a combination of the above factors

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

Force

=MxA

Strain () = Length change () / original length (o)

Elastic strain: Reversible deformation (Hooks Law)


Plastic strain: Permanent deformation

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

Properties related to stress-strain curves:

Elastic Modulus (Youngs Modulus)


Proportional Limit
Elastic Limit
Yield strength
Ultimate strength
Resilience
Toughness

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

Elastic modulus

Stress / Strain
(only within elastic range)
= weight / linear measurement2
= psi or MN/m2

Slope of the stress/strain curve


indicates rigidity or stiffness

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

Proportional Limit

at end of elastic range and


beginning of plastic range
starts permanent deformation
= psi or MN/m2

Straight slope of the line begins to bend (at point B)


where maximum stress is reached relative to strain

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

at end of elastic range and


beginning of plastic range
starts permanent deformation
= psi or MN/m2
Basically the same as Proportional Limit but is
determined by using different tests
Elastic Limit

Straight slope of the line begins to bend (at point B)

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

Yield Strength slightly into the plastic range


small amount of deformation
used if plastic range onset indistinct
Of value when Proportional Limit
cant easily be determined
Offset line (D to F) parallel to straight slope (A to B)

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

Ultimate Strength

point of actual fracture (U)


compressive or tensile
= psi or MN/m2

Tensile strength usually pro-rated for cross section


just before fracture (lowered from pt. G to pt. U)

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

Resilience energy needed to deform a


material to its proportional limit
resistance to permanent deformation
area under elastic portion of stressstrain curve
expressed as energy/volume
e.g. m MN/m3
(meter meganewtons per cubic m)

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

Toughness

= energy needed for fracture


= area under elastic and plastic
portions of curve
expressed as energy/volume
e.g. m MN/m3
(meter meganewtons per cubic m)


Solids and liquids and diamonds and gases
Noncrystal structure in mesomorph glasses
Structures that bend or that bounce back like
springs
These are a few of my favorite things!

PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES
OF MATTER
Dental Materials
Loma Linda University School of Dentistry

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Definition:

Structure-insensitive
i.e. properties which are not related
to size, shape, or crystalline
orientation in the solid state
e.g. weight,

motion, force, resistance

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Optical

Electrochemical
Thermal
Surface

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Optical Properties...
Color
Hue ~ wave length - actual colors
Value - lighter vs. darker
Chroma - intensity

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Optical Properties...
Metamerism
The phenomenon when two
objects match each other under one light
source but not under another light source

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Optical Properties...
Fluorescence
Incident light of shorter wave
length produces illumination at a greater
wave length
e.g. UV light in invisible range
illuminates an object causing it to emit
longer, visible-wave-length light

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Optical Properties
Translucency
- The scattering of transmitted light
- Neither opaque nor transparent
- Gives lighter color appearance than
transparent and darker color
appearance than opaque

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Optical Properties...
Light and Interfaces
Light can reflect back at an angle
from a surface or penetrate inwards for a
distance producing three basic pathways
Reflected
[= opaque]
Refracted
[= translucent]
Transmitted
[= transparent]

Example: Advantage of front-surface dental mouth mirrors

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Electrochemical Properties...
Galvanism
Intermittent shock from dissimilar
metals
Oral fluids act as electrolyte
Corrosion and tarnish
Enhanced by electrochemical action

Classic Corrosion-Pit Diagram

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Thermal Properties...
Thermal conductivity
Quantity of heat (calories) per
second to raise the temperature of a material
1 cm thick and with 1 cm2 cross sectional area
to 1o C at equilibrium

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Thermal Properties...
Thermal diffusivity

Thermal conductivity / Specific heat x Density


Actually more applicable to dental materials
than thermal conductivity

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Thermal Properties...
Linear Coefficient of Thermal Expansion
Standard measure of expansion of a solid
material as its temperature rises
L final - L original
L original x (oC final - oC original)

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Surface Properties...
Surface tension
Atoms and molecules at a surface have
greater attraction force than those within due
to greater efficiency in a hemisphere than in a
sphere.

Surface Tension Video

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Surface Properties...
Wettability
Tendency of a liquid drop to spread on the surface
of a solid. Related to contact angle of the droplet
with the substrate surface.
Example: Hydrophilic impression materials such as
alginate are forgiving of saliva on tooth surfaces but
cling more to the moist stone cast afterwards

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Surface Properties...
Adsorption
The attachment of molecules of a gas or liquid
to the surface of a solid or liquid. Different
from absorption which involves diffusion and
uptake into the interior of the material.
Smaller particle size ~ greater adsorption
Sorption = when both adsorption and
absorption are involved

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Surface Properties...
System
Mixture of two or more substances
Homogeneous - uniform throughout
e.g. alcohol and water
Heterogeneous - distinct homogeneous
divisions within mixture
e.g. oil and water

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Surface Properties...
Phase
Homogeneous region separated by a distinct
surface in a heterogeneous system
e.g. Water is a phase in a system of oil and
water
Interface - the boundary between phases

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Surface Properties...
Colloid
When one phase of a system consists of nearly
molecular sized particles which remain suspended
in solution and not settle out

Surface area increases enormously with such


small particles allowing an inter-molecular type
adsorption between phases
e.g. homogenized milk

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Surface Properties...
Colloid (contd)
Sol - colloidal particles dispersed in a liquid
Gel - semisolid transformation when a sol is
changed by adding certain chemicals or
becomes cooled enough
e.g. Hydrocolloid impression material

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Surface Properties...
Capillary rise
Contact angle <90o allows liquid penetration and
capillary rise
Contact angle >90o keeps liquid depressed

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Surface Properties...
Adhesion - Bonding of dissimilar materials
Chemical - attraction between atoms and molecules
Mechanical - physical interlocking or penetration
e.g. Resin bonds to enamel by means of
both capillary penetration and micromechanical interlocking of etched enamel rods


Interface angles and wetting and tension
Colloidal phases that hold in suspension
(Corrosion, tarnish are more I could
mention)
Adhesive strength that securely clings
These are a few of my favorite things!

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