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PROPERTIES
OF MATTER
Dental Materials
Loma Linda University School of Dentistry
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
Definition:
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
FORCE = M x A
Pound
Newton
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
Force
=MxA
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
Types of Stress
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
Force
=MxA
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
Elastic modulus
Stress / Strain
(only within elastic range)
= weight / linear measurement2
= psi or MN/m2
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
Proportional Limit
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
Ultimate Strength
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
Toughness
Solids and liquids and diamonds and gases
Noncrystal structure in mesomorph glasses
Structures that bend or that bounce back like
springs
These are a few of my favorite things!
PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES
OF MATTER
Dental Materials
Loma Linda University School of Dentistry
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Definition:
Structure-insensitive
i.e. properties which are not related
to size, shape, or crystalline
orientation in the solid state
e.g. weight,
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Optical
Electrochemical
Thermal
Surface
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Optical Properties...
Color
Hue ~ wave length - actual colors
Value - lighter vs. darker
Chroma - intensity
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Optical Properties...
Metamerism
The phenomenon when two
objects match each other under one light
source but not under another light source
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Optical Properties...
Fluorescence
Incident light of shorter wave
length produces illumination at a greater
wave length
e.g. UV light in invisible range
illuminates an object causing it to emit
longer, visible-wave-length light
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Optical Properties
Translucency
- The scattering of transmitted light
- Neither opaque nor transparent
- Gives lighter color appearance than
transparent and darker color
appearance than opaque
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Optical Properties...
Light and Interfaces
Light can reflect back at an angle
from a surface or penetrate inwards for a
distance producing three basic pathways
Reflected
[= opaque]
Refracted
[= translucent]
Transmitted
[= transparent]
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Electrochemical Properties...
Galvanism
Intermittent shock from dissimilar
metals
Oral fluids act as electrolyte
Corrosion and tarnish
Enhanced by electrochemical action
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Thermal Properties...
Thermal conductivity
Quantity of heat (calories) per
second to raise the temperature of a material
1 cm thick and with 1 cm2 cross sectional area
to 1o C at equilibrium
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Thermal Properties...
Thermal diffusivity
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Thermal Properties...
Linear Coefficient of Thermal Expansion
Standard measure of expansion of a solid
material as its temperature rises
L final - L original
L original x (oC final - oC original)
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Surface Properties...
Surface tension
Atoms and molecules at a surface have
greater attraction force than those within due
to greater efficiency in a hemisphere than in a
sphere.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Surface Properties...
Wettability
Tendency of a liquid drop to spread on the surface
of a solid. Related to contact angle of the droplet
with the substrate surface.
Example: Hydrophilic impression materials such as
alginate are forgiving of saliva on tooth surfaces but
cling more to the moist stone cast afterwards
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Surface Properties...
Adsorption
The attachment of molecules of a gas or liquid
to the surface of a solid or liquid. Different
from absorption which involves diffusion and
uptake into the interior of the material.
Smaller particle size ~ greater adsorption
Sorption = when both adsorption and
absorption are involved
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Surface Properties...
System
Mixture of two or more substances
Homogeneous - uniform throughout
e.g. alcohol and water
Heterogeneous - distinct homogeneous
divisions within mixture
e.g. oil and water
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Surface Properties...
Phase
Homogeneous region separated by a distinct
surface in a heterogeneous system
e.g. Water is a phase in a system of oil and
water
Interface - the boundary between phases
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Surface Properties...
Colloid
When one phase of a system consists of nearly
molecular sized particles which remain suspended
in solution and not settle out
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Surface Properties...
Colloid (contd)
Sol - colloidal particles dispersed in a liquid
Gel - semisolid transformation when a sol is
changed by adding certain chemicals or
becomes cooled enough
e.g. Hydrocolloid impression material
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Surface Properties...
Capillary rise
Contact angle <90o allows liquid penetration and
capillary rise
Contact angle >90o keeps liquid depressed
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Surface Properties...
Adhesion - Bonding of dissimilar materials
Chemical - attraction between atoms and molecules
Mechanical - physical interlocking or penetration
e.g. Resin bonds to enamel by means of
both capillary penetration and micromechanical interlocking of etched enamel rods
Interface angles and wetting and tension
Colloidal phases that hold in suspension
(Corrosion, tarnish are more I could
mention)
Adhesive strength that securely clings
These are a few of my favorite things!