PRESENTATION

ON

WIND ENERGY
Application and Types & Design Principle of Wind Mills

by

Dr. R.P. Saini

Alternate Hydro Energy Centre
Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee

Wind power is of course a form of Solar Power or Solar Related Power.

The winds on earth surface are caused primarily by the unequal heating of
the land and water by the sun.

The differences in temperature gradients induces the circulation of air from

on zone to another.
The power in the blowing wind can be tapped and utilised. It has been
estimated that roughly 10 millions Megawatts of energy are continuously
available in the earth winds.

In India the interest in the wind energy was shown in the last fifties and
early sixties. An important reason for this lack of interest in wind energy
must be that wind, in India are relatively low and very appreciable with the
season.

In India wind speed values lies between 5km/hr to 15-20 km/hr. These low
and seasonal winds imply a high cost of exploitation of wind energy.
Calculation based on the performance of a typical wind mill have indicated
that a unit of energy derived from a wind mill will be atleast several times
more expensive then energy derived from electric distribution lines at the
standard rates, provided such electrical energy is at available at the wind mill
site.

Power from Wind :

Wind mill is the system which converts the wind energy into useful form of
energy. The wind mill works on the principle of converting kinetic energy of
the wind to mechanical energy.
We know that the kinetic energy of a particle is ;
K.E. = mv2

(1)

Where, m is the mass of air.

The volume of air passing in unit time through an area of A with velocity
V and is the density of air.
m = AV
Substituting this in equation (1)
K.E. = AV3

This is the energy from air which we can tap.

It is not possible to convert at the wind energy into another form of energy
become the load would reduce the wind speed through the generator to zero.
They stopping the machine.

It is calculated theoretically consideration that the maximum conversion rate

is 0.593 of the energy of the wind.
Wind power is given by the following expression ;
P = AV3 Cp
Where,
Cp = power coefficient
Energy available
=
(--------------------- )
Energy input
The fraction of the available energy that is converted is called the power
coefficient.

The factors which affects the nature of the wind close to the surface of the
earth they are ;
Latitude of the place.
Altitude of the place.
Topography of the place.
Scale of the hour, month or year.
The wind flow in the atmosphere is also improved by some other
parameters.
The best site at off shore and on the sea coast.
The second best sites are in mountains.
The lowest level of the wind energy is found in plains.

Advantages :

It is a renewable source of energy.

Like solar energy, wind power system are non-polluting.
On a small scale, upto a few kilowatts system is less costly. On a large
scale costs can be competitive with conventional electricity and lower
cost can be achieved by mass production.
Disadvantages :
Wind energy available in dilute and fluctuating in nature.
It requires storage capacity because of its irregularity.
These systems are noisy in operation a large unit can be heard many
kilometers away.
Wind power systems have a very relatively high overall weight.
Large area are needed.

TYPES OF WIND MILLS

A wind mill is a machine for wind energy conversion. A wind machine is a

device that converts wind energy i.e. kinetic energy of wind motion to
mechanical energy transmitted by the shaft.

Wind machines are generally classified in terms of the orientation of the axis
of rotation of their rotors as horizontal axis machines and vertical axis
machines. In a horizontal axis machine, the rotor axis is horizontal can be
adjusted so that it is parallel to the direction of the wind stream. On the other
hand, in a vertical axis machine, the rotor axis is vertical and fixed, and is
perpendicular to both the surface of the earth and the wind stream.
Wind mills are generally classified as ;
Horizontal axis type.
Vertical axis type.

Horizontal Axis Type :

For which the axis of rotation is parallel to the direction of the wind stream.
Horizontal axis wind mill further classified as single blade, double blade and
multi blades types.
Vertical Axis Type :
This is the simplest of the modern types of wind mill which works like a cup
anemometer. This machine has become popular since it requires relatively
low velocity winds for operation.

Rotors :
Various types of rotors used in wind machines are (i) multi-blade type, (ii)
propeller type, (iii) Savonius type, and (iv) Darrieus type. The first two are
used in horizontal axis machines, and the last two in vertical axis machines.
The multi-blades rotor consists of a number of curved sheet metal blades
which increase in width going outwards from the centre. The number of
blades usually ranges from 12 to 20. They are fixed at their inner end to a
circular rim. They are also fixed near their outer edge to a second rim, which
provides support. The diameter of the rotor usually ranges from 2 to 5 m.
In contrast to a multi-blade rotor, the propeller rotor consists of only two or
three blades made from glassfibre reinforced plastic. The blades have
aerofoil sections with a high thickness-to-chord ratio and yield a high lift
relative to the drag. The diameter of the rotor usually ranges from 2 to 25 m.
The Savonius rotor consists essentially of a hollow cylinder (approximately
elliptical in shape) sliced in half, the two halves being fixed to a vertical axis
with a gap in between to make an S-shape. Torque is produced by the
pressure difference between the two sides of the half facing the wind.

Various Types of Wind Machine Rotors

Multi-blade Type Wind Machine :

A simplified sketch of a multi-blade type wind machine is shown in Fig. the main elements are
the rotor, the wind mill head (casing), the tail vane, the transmission system and the the
supporting structure (tower). The machine is normally used for pumping water. For this reason,
an additional component at the base of the tower is a water pump.
The rotor overhangs at one end of the shaft emerging from the wind mill head. The centre of
the rotor is referred to as the hub. Just behind it is the front bearing of the machine.
The transmission system consists of a power shaft, a speed reducing gear drive, a crank shaftconnecting rod mechanism and a pump rod. The gear drive reduces the rotational speed by a
factor of 3 or 4. The rotational motion is then converted to a reciprocating motion by the crank
shaft-connecting rod mechanism which in turn is connected by means of the pump rod to the
water pump. The pump rod passes through the base of the wind mill head which sits on a ballbearing turn table.
The tail vane, a simple shape cut from sheet metal, is attached to the back side of the wind mill
head. It serves the purpose of aligning the rotor withe the direction of the wind.
The tower is usually a steel truss construction. It serves the purpose of keeping the rotor and the
wind mill head at an appropriate height from the ground where the wind speed is adequate.

Multi-blade Type Wind Machine

Propeller Type Wind Machine :

A sketch of a propeller type wind machine is shown in Fig. The machine is normally
used for generating electricity, capacities ranging from a fraction of a kilowatt to a
few hundred kilowatts being available. The main elements of the machine as seen
from the outside are the rotor, the nacelle and the tower.
The power extracted from the wind by the blades is transmitted through the hub to a
gear train and then onto a generator and housed inside the nacelle. The nacelle also
houses various control systems. These include the braking mechanism and the roller
assembly permits rotation of the nacelle about a vertical axis and helps to align the
rotor with the direction of the wind.

This design is usually adopted for large capacity machines. In some cases, the
diameter is large enough to permit ascent through an internal staircase. For small
capacity machines, a steel truss design is used.

Propeller Type Wind Machine

Performances of Wind Mill

It is important to note that the convertible power of energy is proportional to the cube of the
wind speed.
i.e. Power = x e x Cp x A x x v3
Where,
e
=
efficiency of the blade.
Cp
=
conversion factor.
A
=
area swept out by the blades.
V
=
wind velocity.

=
density of air.
The efficiency of a wind generator depends upon the design of a wind rotor and the rotation
speed expressed as the ratio of blades tip speed to wind speed.

Tip Speed Ratio (TSR)

Blade tip speed

-------------------------Wind speed

The term tip-speed-ratio will be used instead of rotor rpm to help for compare different rotor.

For any given wind speed, higher rpm means higher TSR. If the tip is travelling at 100 mpH in
a 20 mpH, the TSR = 5. Typical values of TSR range from 1 to 15. By using the TSR we can
ignore the rotor rpm and diameter, and consider rotor performance in a more generalised
discussion.
If we know the wind speed, the rotor diameter and its operating RPM you can calculate the
TSR, or speed ratio (SR) at any fixed radius between the centre of rotation and the tip.

Speed ration

2rN
---------------60 V

Power Coefficient :

Cp

Energy available
-------------------------Energy input

Fraction of the available energy that is converted is called the power coefficient.
The power coefficient of an ideal wind machine rotor varies with TSR and approaches
maximum value of 0.59 where TSR reaches, a value of 5 or 6 two blades
0.47
Other design have approx about 0.35.

WIND POWER IN INDIA

1.Ranks 4th in the world.

2.Wind power potential of 46,500 MW.

3.Installed capacity of 7082 MW
4.Major work carried out by Centre For Wind Energy
Technology.
(Established in 1998)
5. In India the cost of wind energy varies from Rs 4.10/kWh to
Rs 3.60/kWh

Wind Power In India

There are approximately 10500 WEG installed all
over the country which are owned by private players.
Whereas the total numbers of WEG owned by the
government is approximately 400.

WIND POWER DENSITY MAP

STATEWISE INSTALLED CAPACITY (SOURCE IWEA)

STATE

INSTALLED CAPACITY(MW)

Tamil Nadu
Maharashtra
Karnataka
Rajasthan
Andhra Pradesh
Madhya Pradesh
Gujarat
Others

3492
1487
821
469
122
57
636
3

WIND POWER IN WORLD

Worldwide installed capacity of wind power is 78,728
MW
The first five countries are
(i)
Germany (20,952 MW)
(ii)
Spain (12,500 MW)
(iii) USA (12,376 MW)
(iv) India (10500 MW) and
(v)
Denmark (3136 MW)

World Wind Energy Resource

(Map prepared by US DOE in 1985)

WIND ENERGY FARM

1.It is a collection of wind turbines in the same location.
2.Individual turbines are connected to a medium voltage
collection system.
3.Production varies with the wind.
4.Power produced by wind turbines is stepped up with a
transformer to a high voltage transmission system.

TYPES OF WIND ENERGY FARM

1.Onshore wind farm.
2.Nearshore wind farm
3.Offshore wind farm.

ONSHORE WIND FARMS

1.Turbine installations on hilly and mountainous region
or plain areas.
2.Attention must be paid to the exact position of the
turbines.
3.Local winds are monitored for a year or more before
wind generators are installed.
4.Easy operation and maintenance.

ONSHORE WINDFARMS

Wind energy farm in Mupandal ,Tamil Nadu.

NEAR SHORE WINDFARM

1. This type of wind farm may share land and water .
2. Sea shores tend to be windy and good for turbine
installations because primary source of wind is due
to differential heating and cooling of land and sea
over the course of day and night.

3. Winds at the sea level carry more energy than winds

of the same speed in mountainous areas because the
air at sea level is denser.

NEAR SHORE WINDFARM

Mandvi, Gujarat

OFFSHORE WINDFARM
1.These are generally more than10 km away from the
land.
2.It is most expensive as compared to onshore and
near shore windfarm.
3.Power is transmitted by the turbines through
undersea cables.

4.Difficult to operate and maintain.

OFFSHORE WINDFARM
(Horns Rev ,Denmark)

COMPONENTS OF WINDFARM
1. The wind turbine.
2. Electrical network.

1. COMPONENTS OF WIND TURBINE.

(i) The transmission system.
(ii) The generator.
(iii) Control and safety systems.
(iv) Wind turbine tower.

COMPONENTS OF WIND TURBINE

The Generator
Two basic types of generators are used for the
WTGS. These are synchronous and asynchronous
Wind turbines may be designed with either
synchronous or asynchronous generators, and with
various forms of direct or indirect grid connection of
the generator.
Direct grid connection mean that the generator is
connected directly to the (usually 3-phase) alternating
current grid.

Indirect grid connection means that the current from

the turbine passes through a series of electric devices
which adjust the current to match that of the grid.
With an asynchronous generator this occurs
automatically.

WIND TURBINE TOWERS

The tower of the wind turbine carries the nacelle and the rotor.

The price of a tower for a wind turbine is generally around 20

per cent of the total price of the turbine.

Types of wind turbine towers

(i) Tubular steel towers
(ii) Lattice towers
(iii) Guyed pole towers
(iv) Hybrid towers

Wind Turbine Tower

Tubular steel towers

Most large wind turbines are
delivered with tubular steel
towers, which are
manufactured in sections of
20-30 meters with flanges at
either end, and bolted
together on the site. The
towers are conical (i.e. with
their diameter increasing
towards the base) in order to
increase their strength and
to save materials at the same
time.

Wind Turbine Towers

Lattice towers
Lattice towers are
manufactured using
welded steel profiles.
The basic advantage of
lattice towers is cost,
since a lattice tower
requires only half as
much material as a
freely standing tubular
tower with a similar
stiffness

Wind Turbine Towers

Guyed pole towers

Many small wind turbines
are built with narrow pole
towers supported by guy
wires. The advantage is
weight savings, and thus
cost. The disadvantages
are difficult access around
the towers which make
them less suitable in farm
areas.

Wind Turbine Tower..

Hybrid towers
Some towers are made
in different
combinations of the
various towers tower
which you see in the
figure which may be
said to be a hybrid
between a lattice tower
and a guyed tower.

COSTS ASSOCIATED WITH THE WIND FARM

The costs associated for installing a windfarm can be grouped into the
following categories
(i) Turbine
(ii) Electrical
(iii) Fixed
(iv) Auxiliary
(i)
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)

Turbine costs
Turbine costs include the following:
Purchase price of the turbine
Shipping
Import duty (for imported turbines)
Concrete and other foundation costs
Labor
Circuit Breaker CB

(ii)

Electrical cost

Electrical costs includes the following

(i)
Transformers
(ii) Conductors
(iii) Trench

Trench is for the conductors to be placed

underground which connects the generator to the
transformer.
(iii) Fixed costs
Fixed costs are those costs which are not strongly
sensitive to the size of the windfarm, such as buildings
and legal documents. We include the following in this
category

Fixed costs
(i) Permits: These are required and granted by local government
agencies.
(ii) Zoning: Agricultural land will probably need to be rezoned to
industrial use (or other category) before a permit can be granted.

(iii)Wind Study: Wind speeds need to be measured at the proposed site

for an appropriate amount of time (upto to a year) before a decision is
made to build a windfarm.
(iv Power Purchase Agreement: This would include the engineering
and legal fees incurred in writing an agreement with the utility buying
the electricity produced by the windfarm.

Fixed Costs
(v)

Engineering Design:

A Professional Engineer must perform a detailed design for

the windfarm and prepare a set of plans which can be used
for construction. This would include the electrical design plus
the soil tests, earthwork, and footings necessary for long
operation of the windfarm.

(vi)

Control Building:

Each windfarm will have a building or portion of a building to

house the computers, meters, controls, and maintenance
personnel. The computers (if not the maintenance personnel)
will require this space to be clean and climate controlled.

Fixed costs
(vii) Maintenance Building: This would be a building or portion of a
building where maintenance and repair operations are conducted. It
should be large enough to house the largest item which might be
repaired. It may need an overhead crane to lift and move parts. This
may be a final assembly building during construction, where tower
pieces are connected together, the blades are bolted to the hub, etc.
(viii) Visitors Center: This might be a part of the Control Building or it
might be a totally separate facility. Careful attention should be given
to this requirement for the first few windfarms in a given part of the
country so that visitors can be properly cared for.
(ix) Meteorological Tower: This would be a tower located near the

Control Building with anemometers at several heights. Wind speed

data would be used for monitoring wind turbine performance and
such tasks as starting turbines after low wind conditions and stopping
them in high wind conditions.

(iv) Auxiliary costs

(i)

Auxiliary costs are those costs which are related to construction,

which vary with the size of the windfarm or the type of the
turbines They include:
Land: It is probably not feasible to use the land in a windfarm
for any purpose other than grazing, and that would probably not
be worth the nuisance of keeping gates closed, so it will
probably be necessary to purchase the land for the windfarm.

(ii) Access Roads: Gravel roads are needed within the site so the
turbines can be repaired in good weather. A road is also needed
from the site to the nearest all weather road. This could be
substantial expense in remote or mountainous regions.
(iii) Grading: There may be earthwork necessary besides building
roads and parking lots. Sharp peaks or gullies may affect the
wind flow enough to justify some earth leveling activity.

Auxiliary costs
(iv)
Vehicles: A windfarm will probably require one or two
pickup trucks and a larger truck for moving large components
around the site.
(v)
Crane: Windfarms with turbines that tilt over on a hinged
base will not require a crane, but a crane would be very
desirable for turbines that do not tilt over . A crane can
always be rented, but the extensive use of such a machine on a
windfarm could easily justify its purchase.
(vi)
Fence: A windfarm in grazing land would require a
barbed wire fence to keep cattle out. Depending on population
densities and insurance requirements, it may be necessary to
build a fence to keep people out of the windfarm area. Such
a fence would need to be minimum six feet

Feasibility Analysis Of Wind Farm

(i)

For economic viability of the project following factors are

considered.
Sites with annual mean wind speed of 5.5 m/s with a hub
height of 30 m and power density of 150 watts /sq.m is
considered to be economically viable.

(ii) Nearest load centre and nearest distance from the grid.
(iii) Availability of basic infrastructure such as roads and other
aspects such as
(iv) Cost of land, safety considerations and Meteorological
hazards.

Economic Viability Of Wind Power Project

The important deciding parameters to judge
whether the plant is economically viable or not are
as follows.
(i)
Payback period should be less than loan
repayment period.
(ii) Net present value (NPV) >1.
(iii ) Internal rate of return (IRR) >1.
(iv) Benefit cost ratio (BCR) >1.

Factors Affecting Economic Viability

The principle factors that affect the economic viability
of the system are as follows.
(i) Availability of wind power at a given site.
(ii) The investment
(iii) The operation and maintenance cost of windfarm.
(iv) The expected lifetime of the system.
(v) The interest rate on investment capital and
(vi) The price of competing forms of energy.

Cost of wind power project can be reduced by

considering the following aspects.
(i) Design the system for long life.
(ii) Reduce the capital cost of the system.
(iii) Locate the system in the good wind regime.
(iv) Making the system simple and reliable so that the operation
and maintenance cost can be reduced.

(v) Borrow money at the lowest possible interest rate

(vi) Taking all advantages of the incentives, subsidies and tax
credits made available by the various agencies of the
government.

Conclusions

Wind energy is clean source of energy. It will play a

major role in future to fulfill our energy needs.
The future of wind energy sector in India looks very
bright .
One of the main reasons for the success of Wind
Power in India is the fact that India has a growing
demand for energy and the Private Sector finds that
Wind Power Plants can be established with short
gestation station periods.

THANKS