Microwave Chapter 1

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POLITEKNIK SULTAN MIZAN ZAINAL ABIDIN
EP604 Microwave Communication System
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION TO MICROWAVE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
EN. MUHAMMAD RIDZUAN BIN IDRIS

EN. MOHD MARAMUZAFAR BIN MOHAMAD
Semester December Session 2012/2013
EP604 MICROWAVE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

1.1 Introduction to Microwave Communication System

1.1.1
1.1.2
1.1.3
1.1.4
History of microwave communication system.

Satellite.
Evolution of satellites technology.
Features of typical satellite.
1.2 Satellite Orbits

1.2.1 Define circular and elliptical orbits.
1.2.2 Sketch the circular and elliptical satellite orbits.
1.2.3 Explain :
a. Circular orbit:
i. LEO
ii. MEO
iii. GEO
b. Elliptical orbit
1.2.4 Explain satellite orbital patterns:
a. Polar
b. Inclined
c. Equatorial
Introduction to Microwave Communication System
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1.3 Explain the Orbital Determination

1.3.1 Describe orbital velocity.
1.3.2 Define look angle.
1.3.3 Explain look angle:
a. Elevation angle
b. Azimuth angle
1.3.4 Explain the stabilization of satellite in the orbit.
1.4 Understand Geostationary Satellite

1.4.1 Explain geostationary satellite.
1.4.2 State the advantages and disadvantages of geostationary satellite.
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1.1 Introduction to Microwave Communication System
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MICROWAVE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

A microwave is used to describe electromagnetic waves with wavelengths ranging
from 1 cm to 1 m corresponding frequency range is 300 MHz up to 30 GHz for 1-cmwavelength waves.
Application
Communication
Radio astronomy
Navigation
Radar

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HISTORY MICROWAVE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
Developed over 100 years ago (World War II)

In 1945, Michael
Faraday Studied the effect of
electromagnetic field on the propagation of light through
glass.
The foundations of modern electromagnetic theory were
formulated in 1873 by James Clerk Maxwell
Heinrich Hertz, a German professor of physics and a gifted
experimentalist who also understood the theory published by
Maxwell, carried out a set of experiments during the period
1887-1891 that completely validated Maxwell's theory of
electromagnetic waves.
In 1895, Guglielmo Marconi succeeded radio signal over a
distance 1mile and can transmitted the signal 3000mile in
1901.

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HISTORY MICROWAVE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
Original apparatus used by Hertz for his electromagnetic experiments.
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DEFINE SATELLITE
What
exactly is a
satellite?
The word satellite originated from the Latin word Satellit- meaning an attendant,
one who is constantly hovering around & attending to a master or big man.
Satellite is simply any body that moves around another (usually much larger) one
in a mathematically predictable path called an orbit.
A communication satellite is a microwave repeater station in space that is used for
telecommunication , radio and television signals.
The first man made satellite with radio transmitter was in 1957.
There are about 750 satellite in the space, most of them are used for
communication.
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DEFINE SATELLITE
How do
satellite work?
Satellite Path
Uplink
Downlink
Earth
Station
User
Two Stations on Earth want to communicate through radio broadcast but are too
far away to use conventional means. The two stations can use a satellite as a relay
station for their communication.
One Earth Station transmits the signals to the satellite. Up link frequency is the
frequency at which Ground Station is communicating with Satellite.
The satellite Transponder converts the signal and sends it down to the second
earth station. This frequency is called a Downlink.

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DEFINE SATELLITE
Advantages of satellite over terrestrial communication:

*The coverage area of a satellite greatly exceeds that of a
terrestrial system.
*Transmission cost of a satellite is independent of the
distance from the center of the coverage area.
* Satellite to Satellite communication is very precise.
* Higher Bandwidths are available for use.
Disadvantages of satellites:
* Launching satellites into orbit is costly.
* Satellite bandwidth is gradually becoming used up.
*There is a larger propagation delay in satellite
communication than in terrestrial communication.

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DEFINE SATELLITE
Application
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Evolution of satellites technology
1. Era of Hot Air Balloons and Sounding Rockets

2. Launch of Early Artificial Satellites
3. Satellites for Communications, Meteorology and Scientific Exploration - Early
Developments.
4. Nongeosynchronous Communication Satellites: Telstar and Relay Programmer
5. International Communication Satellite Systems
6. Domestic Communication Satellite Systems
7. Satellites for other Applications also make Rapid Progress
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TYPES OF SATELLITES
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TYPES OF SATELLITES
Satellite
Communicati
ons
Earth
Observation
Satellites
Weather
Satellites
Navigation
satellites
Military
Satellites
Special
Satellites
Used
Features
Audio, video, data Dishes to capture radio
transmission
waves; large solar panels
to
power sound
amplifiers
Photographing the Barrel-shaped design to
Earth to observe house mirrors, camera.
changes such as
earthquakes,
drought and for
mineral
prospecting.
Photographing
Similar in design to Earth
changes in cloud observation satellites.
formations,
weather patterns.
Global Positioning
Systems by pilots,
boaters, etc.
Analyzing global
troop and weapon
movement;
communication.
Space observation
and habitation.
GlobalStar
Systems.
Orbit
Geosynchronous
(circle
once every 24 hours), 22,300
miles above Earth's Equator.
Low-flying polar orbit at 90
to 300 miles above Earth.
Low-flying polar orbiters

circle every two hours at
300-600 miles above Earth.
High-flying
geostationary
orbit at 22,300 miles.
Tracking GPS satellites orbit at low
altitude (90-300 mi.).
Military satellite designs Both low-flying orbit for

are top-secret.
observation and geosynch
high orbit (22,300 miles) for
GPS monitoring satellites.
The Mir Space Station; Space stations orbit at low
Hubble
Telescope; altitude (90-300 mi.); deep
Magellan Venus orbiter; space probes travel an
Mariner 9 Mars Orbiter.
elliptical orbit.
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1.2 Satellite Orbits
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SATELLITE ORBITS
What is
satellite
orbits?
Satellites move in a path around the Earth called an orbit.

Every satellite must have an orbital path and the type of path it takes is
determined by the physics involved
A satellites orbit works because of a balance between two forces. The orbit is a
combination of the satellites velocity the speed it is travelling in a straight line
and the force of the Earths gravitational pull on the satellite.
Basically, gravity keeps the satellites velocity from sending the satellite flying out
in a straight line away from the Earth, and the satellites velocity keeps the force of
gravity from pulling the satellite back to Earth.
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CIRCULAR AND ELLIPTICAL ORBITS.
What is
Circular
orbits?
Though no orbit is perfectly circular, the general name for any orbit that is not
highly elliptical (egg-shaped) is circular. Circular orbits have an eccentricity of 0.
There are several types of circular orbits and they include:
geostationary
polar
sun-synchronous
Equatorial
Satellite orbits are also classified based on their heights above the earth:
GEO
LEO
MEO
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CIRCULAR AND ELLIPTICAL ORBITS.
What is
elliptical
orbits?
An elliptical orbit @ eccentric orbit-in the shape of an ellipse.

satellite's velocity changes depending on where it is in its orbital path.
When the satellite is in the part of its orbit closest to the Earth, it moves faster
because the Earth's gravitational pull is stronger.
An elliptical orbit can be useful to a communications satellite because it allows the
satellite to travel over a specific region for a long portion of its orbit, and it is only
out of contact with that region for a short time when it is zipping quickly around the
other side of the Earth.

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CIRCULAR ORBITS
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GEO
What is
GEO?
35,786 km above the earths surface along the equator.

same speed as the earth rotates-the same position relative to the surface of earth.
Advantages
A GEO satellites distance from earth gives it a large coverage area, almost a
fourth of the earths surface.
GEO satellites have a 24 hour view of a particular area.
These factors make it ideal for satellite broadcast and other multipoint
applications
Minimal Doppler shift
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CIRCULAR ORBITS
Disadvantages
Long distance cause it to have both a comparatively weak signal and a time
delay in the signal, which is bad for point to point communication.
centered above the equator, have difficulty for broadcasting signals to near
polar regions
Launching of satellites to orbit are complex and expensive.
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Low Earth Orbit (LEO)
What is
LEO?
ranging from 500 to 1,500 km above the surface.

LEO satellites dont stay in fixed position relative to the surface, and are only
visible for 15 to 20 minutes each pass.
A network of LEO satellites is necessary for LEO satellites to be useful

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Low Earth Orbit (LEO)
The Iridium system has 66 satellites in six LEO orbits, each at an altitude of 750 km.
Iridium is designed to provide direct worldwide voice and data communication
using handheld terminals, a service similar to cellular telephony but on a global
scale
Advantages
proximity to earth compared to a GEO satellite gives it a better signal strength
and less of a time delay-better for point to point communication.
smaller area of coverage is less of a waste of bandwidth.
Disadvantages
A network of LEO satellites is needed, which can be costly
LEO satellites have to compensate for Doppler shifts cause by their relative
movement.
*Atmospheric drag effects LEO satellites, causing gradual orbital deterioration
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Medium Earth Orbit (MEO)
What is
MEO?
between 8,000 km and 18,000 km above the earths surface.

MEO satellites are similar to LEO satellites in functionality.
MEO satellites are visible for much longer periods of time than LEO satellites,
usually between 2 to 8 hours.
MEO satellites have a larger coverage area than LEO satellites.
Advantage
A MEO satellites longer duration of visibility and wider footprint means
fewer satellites are needed in a MEO network than a LEO network.
Disadvantage
A MEO satellites distance gives it a longer time delay and weaker signal than
a LEO satellite, though not as bad as a GEO satellite.
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SATELLITE ORBITAL PATTERNS

Classification of orbits:
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Equatorial
A satellite in equatorial orbit flies along the line of the Earth's equator. To get into
equatorial orbit, a satellite must be launched from a place on Earth close to the
equator. NASA often launches satellites aboard an Ariane rocket into equatorial
orbit from French Guyana.
Equatorial orbits can be useful for satellites observing tropical weather patterns, as
they can monitor cloud conditions around the globe. Equatorial orbits are usually
medium or low orbits.
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Inclined
A satellite is said to occupy an inclined orbit around the Earth if the orbit exhibits
an angle other than zero degrees with the equatorial plane. This angle is called the
orbit's inclination. A planet is said to have an inclined orbit around the Sun if it has
an angle other than zero to the plane of the ecliptic.
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Polar
A polar orbit usually has an inclination of 90 degrees to the equator. On every pass
around the Earth, it passes over both the north and south poles. Therefore, as the
Earth rotates to the east underneath the satellite which is travelling north and
south, it can cover the entire Earth's surface. A polar orbiting satellite covers the
entire globe every 14 days. Polar orbits are usually medium or low orbits.
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1.3 Orbital Determination

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ORBITAL VELOCITY
Orbital
Velocity?
velocity which is give to an artificial earth's satellite a few hundred kilometers

above the earth's surface so that it may start revolving round the earth.
A satellite in orbit moves faster when it is close to the planet or other body that it
orbits, and slower when it is farther away.
A satellite in circular orbit has a constant speed which depends only on the mass
of the planet and the distance between the satellite and the center of the planet.

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ORBITAL VELOCITY
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EXAMPLE ORBITAL VELOCITY

A satellite wishes to orbit the earth at a height of 100 km (approximately 60 miles)
above the surface of the earth. Determine the speed, acceleration and orbital
period of the satellite. (Given: Mearth = 5.98 x 1024 kg, Rearth = 6.37 x 106 m,
G= 6.673 x 10-11 Nm2/kg2)
= 6.37 x 106 m+100 x 103 m

=6.47 x 106 m
v = 7.85 x 103 m/s

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LOOK ANGLE

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LOOK ANGLE

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LOOK ANGLE
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STABILIZATION OF SATELLITE IN THE ORBIT
Stability?
The satellite, once placed in its orbit, experiences various perturbing torques.
These include gravitational forces from other bodies like solar and lunar attraction,
magnetic field interaction, solar radiation pressure, etc. Due to these factors, the
satellite orbit tends to drift and its orientation also changes. The satellite's position
thus needs to be controlled both in the east-west as well as the north-south
directions.
Commonly employed techniques for satellite attitude control include:
1. Spin stabilization
2. Three-axis or body stabilization
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Spin Stability?
With spin stabilization, the entire spacecraft rotates around its own vertical axis,
spinning like a top. This keeps the spacecraft's orientation in space under control.
The spinning spacecraft resists perturbing forces.
Designers of early satellites used spin-stabilization for their satellites, which most
often have a cylinder shape and rotate at one revolution every second.
The advantage of spin stabilization is that it is a very simple way to keep the
spacecraft pointed in a certain direction.
A disadvantage of this stabilization is that the satellite cannot use large solar
arrays to obtain power from the Sun. Thus, it requires large amounts of battery
power.
Another disadvantage of spin stabilization is that the instruments or antennas
also must perform despin maneuvers so that antennas or optical instruments
point at their desired targets.
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Three-axis
Stability?
With three-axis stabilization, satellites have small spinning wheels, called reaction
wheels or momentum wheels, that rotate so as to keep the satellite in the desired
orientation in relation to the Earth and the Sun.
If satellite sensors detect that the satellite is moving away from the proper
orientation, the spinning wheels speed up or slow down to return the satellite to
its correct position.
Some spacecraft may also use small propulsion-system thrusters to continually
nudge the spacecraft back and forth to keep it within a range of allowed positions.
An advantage of 3-axis stabilization is that optical instruments and antennas can
point at desired targets without having to perform despin maneuvers
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1.4 Geostationary Satellite
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GEOSTATIONARY SATELLITE
What is
Geostationary
Satellite ?
A geostationary orbit is a special case of a geosynchronous orbit.

A satellite is in a geostationary orbit when it appears stationary from the point of
view of an observer on the Earth's surface. This can only occur when:
The orbit is geosynchronous
The orbit is a circle
The orbit lies in the plane of the Earth's equator
Thus, a geosynchronous satellite will be geostationary only with the additional
restrictions of it being in a circular orbit situated over the equator.
satellite velocity in this orbit is 3075 m/s.
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ORBITAL VELOCITY EXAMPLE

Operate in the 2.0 GHz to 18 GHz range
When the inclination and eccentricity of the orbit is zero, the satellite appears to
be stationary to an observer from ground.
Applications:
Telecommunication systems
Radio
Data Transmission systems
ADVANTAGES OF GEOSTATIONARY ORBITS
Make repeated observations over a given area (constant view area).
Get high temporal resolution data. GOES E and W can give you a temporal
resolution of 1 minute!! Hence, GOES E and W can effectively monitor the severe
weather environment and track severe storms and hurricanes in real time.
DISADVANTAGES OF GEOSTATIONARY ORBITS
Due to the high orbit, the spatial resolution of the data is not as great as for the
polar orbiting satellites. Poor spatial resolution in the polar regions (parallax).
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REFERENCE
Donald G. Dudley, 2000 Foundations for Microwave Engineering, A JOHN WILEY &
SONS, INC. PUBLICATION
Stanford Park Division Uses for the Microwave Spectrum
David M. Pozar , 2005, Microwave Engineering, John Wiley & Sons,Inc
Slide: SATELLITE COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
Anil K. Maini and Varsha Agrawal, 2007 Satellite Technology: Principle and
Application
Matt Kragen, Rancho Buena Vista High School, Vista, California, How Satellites
Changed the World, http://historyday.crf-usa.org/2702/index.htm, 11/25/2012
Produced by Galactics. Last updated on: 8 August 1997.
http://www.satellites.spacesim.org/english/credits/imagecre.html
Dennis Roddy, 2006, Satellite Communications, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Lyndon State College Atmospheric Sciences,
http://apollo.lsc.vsc.edu/classes/remote/lecture_notes/satellite/platforms/geo_adv
_disadv.html
http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/circles/u6l4c.cf
Dharma Raj Cheruku 2009, Satellite Communication, I. K. International Pvt Ltd

THANK YOU

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POLITEKNIK SULTAN MIZAN ZAINAL ABIDIN

EP604 Microwave Communication System

POLITEKNIK SULTAN MIZAN ZAINAL ABIDIN

EN. MUHAMMAD RIDZUAN BIN IDRIS

Semester December Session 2012/2013

POLITEKNIK SULTAN MIZAN ZAINAL ABIDIN

EP604 MICROWAVE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

1.1 Introduction to Microwave Communication System

History of microwave communication system.

1.2 Satellite Orbits

Introduction to Microwave Communication System

POLITEKNIK SULTAN MIZAN ZAINAL ABIDIN

EP604 MICROWAVE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

1.3 Explain the Orbital Determination

1.4 Understand Geostationary Satellite

Introduction to Microwave Communication System

POLITEKNIK SULTAN MIZAN ZAINAL ABIDIN

Semester December Session 2012/2013

POLITEKNIK SULTAN MIZAN ZAINAL ABIDIN

EP604 MICROWAVE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

MICROWAVE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

POLITEKNIK SULTAN MIZAN ZAINAL ABIDIN

EP604 MICROWAVE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

HISTORY MICROWAVE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

Developed over 100 years ago (World War II)

POLITEKNIK SULTAN MIZAN ZAINAL ABIDIN

EP604 MICROWAVE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

HISTORY MICROWAVE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

Original apparatus used by Hertz for his electromagnetic experiments.

Introduction to Microwave Communication System

POLITEKNIK SULTAN MIZAN ZAINAL ABIDIN

EP604 MICROWAVE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

Introduction to Microwave Communication System

POLITEKNIK SULTAN MIZAN ZAINAL ABIDIN

EP604 MICROWAVE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

POLITEKNIK SULTAN MIZAN ZAINAL ABIDIN

EP604 MICROWAVE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

Advantages of satellite over terrestrial communication:

Introduction to Microwave Communication System

POLITEKNIK SULTAN MIZAN ZAINAL ABIDIN

EP604 MICROWAVE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

Introduction to Microwave Communication System

POLITEKNIK SULTAN MIZAN ZAINAL ABIDIN

EP604 MICROWAVE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

Evolution of satellites technology

1. Era of Hot Air Balloons and Sounding Rockets

POLITEKNIK SULTAN MIZAN ZAINAL ABIDIN

EP604 MICROWAVE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

Introduction to Microwave Communication System

POLITEKNIK SULTAN MIZAN ZAINAL ABIDIN

EP604 MICROWAVE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

Low-flying polar orbiters

Military satellite designs Both low-flying orbit for

Introduction to Microwave Communication System

POLITEKNIK SULTAN MIZAN ZAINAL ABIDIN

Semester December Session 2012/2013

POLITEKNIK SULTAN MIZAN ZAINAL ABIDIN

EP604 MICROWAVE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

Satellites move in a path around the Earth called an orbit.

Introduction to Microwave Communication System

POLITEKNIK SULTAN MIZAN ZAINAL ABIDIN

EP604 MICROWAVE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM