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TOPIC 2: ATOMS,ELEMENTS AND

COMPOUNDS
by

Najmiyatul Fadilah Mohamad

LEARNING OUTCOMES
By the end of this topic, you should be able to:
1.

Identify how matter is classified based on its atoms

2. Differentiate between metals and non-metals


3. Write the chemical symbols for elements
4 . Write the formula of molecules for elements and compounds
5. Identify similarities and differences between elements,
compounds and mixtures.
6. Describe alloys
7. Differentiate between solution, solute and solvent.

NATURE OF ATOMS, ELEMENTS,


COMPOUNDS AND MIXTURES
Living things/ non-living thing
Made of atoms= tiny & small building block of matter.

composition
kinds of atoms it contains

structure
arrangement of these atoms

classified and described :


(i) according to its physical state as a gas,
liquid or solid (which has been discussed in Topic 1)
ii) according to its composition either pure substances or mixtures

Classification of matter

Pure Substances
A pure substance (usually referred to simply

as a substance) is matter that has a fixed


composition and distinct properties.

Element
An element is a substance which cannot be
broken down into simpler substances by
chemical or physical methods.

(i) It consists of only one type of atom


(ii) It cannot be broken down into simpler
substances either by physical or chemical
means
(iii) It can exist either as individual atoms or
molecules as shown in Figure 2.2.

Molecule
A molecule consists of two or more atoms of

the same element or different elements,


which are chemically bound together.

What are 3 groups of elements?

Compound
A substance which consists of two or more

elements chemically combined together.


(i) It can be broken down into simpler type of
matter by chemical mean.
(ii) has properties different from its component
elements.

(iii) has a constant composition , ratio always


the same.

Mixture
Two or more substances that are mixed

together but not chemically joined.


Composition can be vary
Classified as either homogenous or

heterogeneous

Mixture
(a). Homogeneous Mixture
Is a mixture in which the mixing is uniform and
therefore has a constant composition

throughout the mixture. The component are


indistinguishable.

(b). Heterogeneous Mixture


Is a mixture in which the mixing is not uniform
and therefore has regions of different
compositions. The components are

distinguishable.

Separating Components of a
Mixture
Filtration

Evaporation
Distillation

Fractional distillation
Crystallisation

Chromatography

Differences Between Metals


and Non-Metals
Metals

Non-Metals

Solid at room temperature


Except mercury

Gases, liquid or solid at room


temperature

Silvery shine

Not silvery, several brightly

Generally malleable and ductile

Brittle

Good conductors of heat and electricity

Poor conductors of heat and electricity

Basic oxides

Acidic oxide

Chemical Symbols of Elements


In the form of one or two letters.
First letter always capitalised.
Second letter is lowercase.

Formulae of Molecules for


Elements and Compounds
Molecule made up of 2 atoms = diatomic

molecule.
Molecule formulae = actual number and types

of atoms in molecule.
Molecular compound = compound that
composed of molecule that contain more
than one type of atom.

Similarities And Differences of


Elements, Compounds and Mixtures
Refer page 42, Table 2.8

Alloys
Mixture of two or more elements.
Both can be metals.
One can be metal and another a non-metal.
Mixtures are homogenous

Prepared by heating and bonding the metals


together.
The resultant alloy has completely different

properties from the starting metals.

Alloys
A metal structure

The metal structure before and after a force is applied to it

Structure of an alloy

Solution
Is a homogenous mixture of two or more

substances.
Dissolve substances = solute
Liquid = solvent

A solution is a mixture obtained by dissolving


substances, called the solute, in another
substance called the solvent.

Solution

Types of Solutions
Type of Solution

Solute

Solvent

Gas

Gas

Gas

Liquid

Gas

Liquid

Liquid

Liquid

Solid

Liquid

Solid

Solid

Liquid

Solid

Solid

Examples
Air (oxygen,
nitrogen, argon
and other
gases)
Carbonated water
(carbon dioxide in
Water)
Petroleum
(mixture of
hydrocarbons)
Seawater (Sodium
chloride in water)
Metal alloys such
as brass
Dental amalgam
(mercury in silver)

Three categories of Solution


Dilute solution
has little solute particles dissolved in the solvent.

Concentrated solution
When we add more solute into the solvent, it can

still dissolve.

Saturated solution
we keep on adding the solute into the solvent until

it reaches a level where the solute cannot dissolve


any more at that particular temperature.

Dilute, concentrated and


saturated solutions

Factors Affecting Solubility


(a) Size of the solute particles
(b) Type of the solvent

(c) Temperature of the solvent

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