Induction Motors

AC Motor

Electrical
Energy

The purpose of an AC Motor is to

Convert Electrical Energy into Mechanical Energy

Mechanical
Energy

What is AC motor?
An AC motor is an electric motor that is driven
by an alternating current.
It has two basic electrical parts: a "stator" and
a "rotor"

STATOR
The stator is in the stationary electrical component.
It consists of a group of individual electro-magnets
arranged in such a way that they form a hollow
cylinder, with one pole of each magnet facing toward
the center of the group.
The term, "stator" is derived from the word stationary.

 The stator has laminated type of construction made

up of stampings which are 0.4 to 0.5 mm thick
The stampings are slotted on its periphery to carry
stator windings

Rotor
The rotor: is the rotating electrical component. It also
consists of a group of electro-magnets arranged around a
cylinder, with the poles facing toward the stator poles.
The term "rotor" is derived from the word rotating.

Types of Rotor

There are two types of motor rotors:

1- The squirrel cage
The Squirrel cage consists of bars of
copper or aluminum electrically
connected at each end with
conducting rings. The entire structure
looks like a cage

Wound Rotor

2.Slip Ring rotor or wound rotor

In This type rotor wdg is similar to
stator , wound for same no.of
poles as that of stator . Slip rings
are available

Notice the slip rings

How induction motors work

3 PH supplied to stator
Rotating Magnetic field generated that moves
around rotor
Ns=120f/p

 Stationary rotor conductors cuts rotating

magnetic field and emf is induced in conductor
Rotor is shtckt it circulates a current.
It becomes current carrying conductor placed in
magnetic field
Rotor starts rotating in same direction of
rotating magnetic field

Why the rotor rotates in same

direction of magnetic field
Acc to Lenz law The net effect opposes its cause
here the net effect is production of current and
cause is EMF
There exist a relative speed between stationary
conductor and rotating magnetic field
To oppose this cause stationary conductors starts
rotating in same direction as that of rotating
magnetic field

Induction motor speed

At what speed will the IM run?

Can the IM run at the synchronous speed, why?
If rotor runs at the synchronous speed, which is the
same speed of the rotating magnetic field
Then the rotor will appear stationary to the rotating
magnetic field and the rotating magnetic field will not
cut the rotor.

 So, no induced current will flow in the rotor and

no rotor magnetic flux will be produced so no
torque is generated.
If the rotor speed will fall below the synchronous
speed
When the speed falls, the rotating magnetic
field will cut the rotor windings and a torque is
produced

Concept of Slip
In practice the IM will always run at a speed lower
than the synchronous speed
The difference between the motor speed and the
synchronous speed is called the Slip
Flux

Stator

Slip

Rotor

 Slip of IM is given by
Ns is Synchronous speed (speed of rotating
magnetic field )
N is speed of Rotor
Percentage slip given by

Speed of motor N= Ns(1-S)

When rotor is stationary i.e N=0
Slip=1 or 100%
In IM the change in speed from no load to full to
full load is hardly 1% to 3%
So essentially it is constant speed motor

Induction Motors and Transformers

Both IM and transformer works on the principle
of induced voltage
Transformer: voltage applied to the primary windings
produce an induced voltage in the secondary
windings
Induction motor: voltage applied to the stator
windings produce an induced voltage in the rotor
windings

 The difference is that, in the case of the induction

motor, the secondary windings can move
Due to the rotation of the rotor (the secondary winding
of the IM), the induced voltage in it does not have the
same frequency of the stator (the primary) voltage

Frequency of Rotor current

At standstill the frequency of the rotor current is
same as the supply freq
But when rotor starts rotating the frequency
depends upon the relative speed or slip speed

f=S X f
Where f is freq of rotor current
S is slip and f is supply freq

Thank you