Phase Behaviour dan

Characteristics Gas

Single-component system

Two-component system

Two-component system

Multi-component system

Phase Diagram (Basic

Definitions)
Pressure

Definitions:

liquid

Cricondenbar: the
pressure above
which two phases
can no longer exist.

gas

Cricondentherm: the
temperature above
which two phases do not
exist
Additional points:

Temperature

Phase Diagram (Basic

Definitions)
Pressure

Definitions:

liquid

100%
liquid
(0% gas)

1. Bubble-point line: the point

where the first bubble is
formed during pressure
decrease at constant
temperature.

60%
80%
40%
20%

0% liquid
(100%
gas)

gas
Temperature

Pressure Temperature Plane

2. Dew-point line: the point where

the first liquid drop is
formed during pressure
increase at constant
temperature.
Note: Pure-component system
can be regarded as a special
case of two-component
system where two-phase
region shrinks to form a line.
Critical point: the point where the
bubble-point line meets the
dew-point line

Pressure

Phase Diagram (Basic Concepts)

Single
phase
liquid

Single
phase
Gas

gas
Temperature

Basic definitions (cont.)

Pressure

Path A

liquid

Definitions:

Path B

Retrograde condensation:
phenomenon that the
dew point line is
crossed (i.e., from gas
phase to liquid) as
pressure decreases
rather than increases.

Retrograde
condensation
gas
Temperature

Because this is the

reverse of normal
behaviour, it is called
retro.

Reservoir Classification

Oil reservoir

In general
Tres<Tc of
reservoir fluid

Gas reservoir

In general,
Tres>Tc of
reservoir fluid
(hydrocarbon
systems)

Oil Reservoir

Under-saturated oil
reservoir

Saturated oil reservoir

initial reservoir
pressure, pi > the
bubble-point pressure,
pb of the reservoir fluid

pi = pb

Gas-cap reservoir or two

phase reservoir

pi < pb

Note
The appropriate quality
line gives the ratio of
volume of liquid (oil) to
volume of gas

Gas Reservoir
Dry gas reservoir

Wet gas reservoir

initial reservoir temperature

higher than cricondentherm
temperature
But even at low pressure
(separator) and temperature,
some gas condensate to
liquid

Retrograde gas-condensate
reservoir

initial reservoir temperature

higher than cricondentherm
temperature (light
components)
even at low pressure
(separator) and temperature,
fluid is 100% gas

Reservoir temperature lies

between Tc and Tcri
(Tc<Tr<Tcr)

Near critical gas-condensate

Reservoir temperature is
nearly equal to critical

Dry-gas reservoir

Wet-gas reservoir

Retrograde-gas condensate
reservoir

Volatile-oil reservoir

Black-oil reservoir

Typical Hydrocarbon Mixture

Compositions (mol %)
Component
C1
C2
C3

i-C4
n-C4
i-C5
n-C5
C6
C7+

Dry
Gas
96.30
3.00
0.40
0.07
0.10
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.00

Wet Retrograde Volatile

Gas Gas Cond.
Oil
88.7
72.7
66.7
6.0
10.0
9.0
3.0
6.0
6.0
0.5
1.0
0.8
0.8
1.5
2.5
0.3
0.8
0.8
0.3
1.0
1.2
0.2
2.0
2.0
0.2
5.0
11.0

Black
Oil
52.6
5.0
3.5
0.7
1.1
0.4
0.4
0.9
27.9

plus inorganics: N2, CO2, H2O, H2S

Field Identification

Initial
Producing
Gas/Liquid
Ratio, scf/STB
Initial StockTank Liquid
Gravity, API
Color of StockTank Liquid

Black
Oil
<1750

Volatile
Oil
1750 to
3200

Retrograde
Gas
> 3200

Wet
Gas
> 15,000*

Dry
Gas
100,000*

< 45

> 40

> 40

Up to 70

No
Liquid

Dark

Colored

Lightly
Colored

Water
White

No
Liquid

*For Engineering Purposes

Karakterisyik Gas

Ideal Gas Law

Pada tekanan rendah, gas mengikuti persamaan Gas Ideal:

PV = nRT

Dimana:
R = Universal gas constant , 10,732 psia cuft/lb-mole oR
n = number of moles of the gas = m/M
m = mass of gas; lb
M = Molecular weight of gas lbm/lb-mol
Standard conditions are generally defined as 14.7 psia and 60oF.
1 mole of any ideal gas at standard conditions occupies a volume of 379 Cu. ft. or 22.4 litres

Real Gas

Persamaan gas ideal umumnya hanya berlaku untuk gas yang mendekati kondisi atmosfir.
Gas di reservoir terdiri dari berbagai macam komposisi gas dan tekanan serta temperatur
tinggi; sehingga persamaan gas ideal tidak berlaku lagi.
Persamaan gas nyata merupakan koreksi terhadap persamaan gas ideal

PV = z n RT.

Dimana

Sifat Fisik Gas Alam

Gas alam merupakan campuran gas dimana unsur utamanya adalah metana; terdiri
dari gas hidrokarbon dan impurities.
Impurities adalah gas yang bukan hidrokarbon seperti : CO2, H2S, N2 dsb

Sifat fisik gas alam antara lain adalah:

- Berat Molekul
- Densitas
- Specific Gravity
- Faktor Deviasi gas
- Viscositas Gas
- Compressibilitas gas
- Gas Formation Volume Factor dan Expansion Factor
- Water Vapor Content
- Two phase System

- API Gravity

- Gas Gravity

- Z factor

Berat Molekul gas

Berat Molekul gas dapat ditentukan berdasarkan persamaan:

Ma = Berat molekul gas campuran

Yi = Fraksi mol gas i
Mi = Berat molekul gas i

Contoh:

Berat molekul gas diatas adalah 17.083 lbm/lb-mol.

Densitas dan Specific Gravity Gas

Berdasarkan persamaan gas nyata :

PV = n Z RT ; dimana
n = m/M
Jadi PV = m ZRT/M
Sedangkan densitas adalah m/V; sehingga dari persamaan diatas :

Faktor Deviasi Gas, Z

Pengukuran Z
1. Di laboratorium
2. Grafik korelasi dan persamaan

Pengukuran Z di laboratorium

Penentuan Z berdasarkan Grafik Korelasi / Persamaan

Penentuan Z berdasarkan Grafik Korelasi / Persamaan memerlukan faktor

pseudo reduced pressure (Ppr) dan pseudo reduced temperature (Tpr) .

Ppr dan Tpr didefinisikan sebagai

Sedang Tpc dan Ppc didefinisikan sebagai:

Apabila komposisi gas tidak diketahui, Tpc dan Ppc dapat ditentukan dari grafik
dibawah ini:

Apabila kadar impurities > 5 %

Contoh

Compressibilitas

Viskositas Gas

Korelasi yang umum digunakan adalah korelasi Carr, Kobayashi

dan Burrows.

Contoh:

Tentukanlah viskositas gas reservoir pada kondisi P = 2500 psia dan T =

180 oF.

Gas Formation Volume Factor (Bg)

The gas formation volume factor (Bg) is defined as

the volume of gas in the reservoir divided by the
volume of gas at standard conditions.
Bg = (reservoir gas volume)/(standard conditions
gas volume).

Gas Formation Volume Factor (Bg)

Komponen
C1
C2
C3
i-C4
n-C4
i-C5
n-C5
C6
N2
CO2
H2S

Fraksi Mol
0,784
0,028
0,007
0,0008
0,0005
0,0008
0,0003
0,0006
0,005
0,021
0,152

Jika Tekanan reservoir = 2900 psia dan Temperatur reservoir = 190 oF; tentukanlah:
SG, Z, Viskositas Gas, Cg dan Bg

Dari suatu reservoir gas diketahui SG gas = 0.7 dan terdapat impurities H2S
= 5 % mole dan CO2 = 12 % mole.
Jika Tekanan reservoir = 2900 psia dan Temperatur reservoir = 190 oF;
tentukanlah:
SG, Z, Viskositas Gas, Cg dan Bg

Real Gas

PV = Z n RT

Persamaan Van der Walls

Standard Units of Defined Calorific Values

Barrel of Oil Equivalent (b.o.e.) : a hypothetical barrel of oil
with an average heat content of 5.8 x 106 Btu gross.

Ton of Oil Equivalent (t.o.e.) : a hypothetical ton of oil with

an average heat content of 43 x 106 Btu gross.
Metric Tonne Coal Equivalent (m.t.c.e.) : a hypothetical metric
tonne of coal with an average heat content of 27.337 x 106 Btu
gross, i.e. ( 12,400 Btu/lb x 2204.62 ).

Natural Gas Equivalents of Various Fuels

Std. Fuel Units
1 b.o.e.
1 t.o.e.
1 m.t.c.e.
1 ton fuel oil equiv.

ft3 Natural Gas

5,800
43,000
27,337
41,400

m3 Natural Gas
155.50
1152.82
732.90
1109.92