How will the Universe end?

Mari Carmen Martn Gmez, Macarena Martn

Mayor and Maria Prez Richart

1. INTRODUCTION
Is

the Universe going to end? Or will it remain here

forever?

There

are more theories than this 4, but we are going to

focus on:
- The Big Crunch.
- The Big Rip.
- The Big Freeze.
- Eternal Universe.

2.1 BIG CRUNCH

It

is one of the predicted scenario of the ultimate end of the

universe.
The Big Crunch is the opposite of the Big Bang.

In 100 billion years

Theory

BLACK
HOLE

2.2 BIG CRUNCH THEORY

1. Density is above a certain value
known as the critical density.
2. The expansion stops.

3. Gravity pull everything together.

4. Starts would meld and the space
would become hotter, causing a big
explosion.

5. Black holes would emerge to suck

everything.
6. They will fuse forming a tremendous
Black hole.

2.3 BIG CRUNCH

Finally, the

THE BIG BANG COULD OCCUR AGAIN!!!

2.4 BIG CRUNCH

IS THIS THEORY
POSSIBLE?

NO

Dark matter separate Galaxies

accelerating the universes growth
If the force is constant, the Big Rip
will take place.

YES

3.1 BIG RIP

Predicted

The

by Robert Caldwell.

Universe is expanding at an increasing rate.

It

is caused by phantom
energy.

No

interaction between
fundamental forces.

3.2 BIG RIP

The

expansion becomes so fast that it literally rips apart

all bound objects. It rips apart clusters of galaxies. It rips
apart stars. It rips apart planets and solar systems. And it
eventually rips apart all matter.

3.3 BIG RIP

One of the most acceptable theories.

68%universe = dark energy

No way to avoid the Big Rip.

The Universe will last
for 21 billion years.

4.1 BIG FREEZE

The
It

universe is expanding at an ever increasing speed.

will get colder and colder.

Impossible

Burned

to sustain life.

stars, cold dead planets and black holes.

4.2 BIG FREEZE

Atoms = disintegrate
Matter will evaporate leaving black holes

broken down

The universe will exist as empty space and weak

radiation.

5. Eternal Universe
The

universe could have resulted from the

collision of two branes.

The

universe will continue to expand

forever.

Division

of the future into Eras:

- Star-Filled era.
- Degenerate era.
- Black Hole era.
- Eternal era.

There is a philosophical view of eternity

(Aristotelian view)
Aristotle

defended eternity, wrote many

papers about it.
Many philosophical debates in the 13th
century.
The Aristotelian view was banned as it was
against the Catholic Church.

Aristotle

6. Probability of the theories:

Gather

data regarding the density, composition, and even

the shape of the Universe.
Key point: CRITICAL DENSITY [(1/3)*10^-26 kg/m^3]
Lower critical density = continuous expansion
Equal critical density = eternal expansion at a decreasing
rate
Higher critical density = stop expanding and collapse
The Big Freeze is the most probable following this
hypothesis.