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Definition
An alloy is defined as a solid mixture of metal
with one or more metals or with non metal.
Type II (Medium)
i. These are indicated for restorations, inlays
subjected to moderate stress like full crowns,
abutments, pontics and occasionally small
saddles.
ii. These alloys are malleable and ductile but to
a lesser degree than Type I alloys because of their
slightly higher hardness value and yield strength.
iii. They are less resistant to tarnish and
corrosion than Type I. They are not self-sealing
like Type I gold alloys.
According to Application
There are three types of alloys
i. Crown and bridge alloys
ii. Metal ceramic alloys
iii. Removable partial denture alloys
Alloy type
Total noble metal content
1.
High noble
Contains greater than or equal to 40wt percent Au and 60 wt percent of the noble metal elements
(Au+Ir+Os+Pt+Ph+Ru)
2.
Noble metal
Contains greater than or equal to 25 wt percent of the noble metal alloys used for inlay, crown and
bridge, metal ceramic alloys, by virtue of their tarnish and corrosion resistance.
3.
Predominantly base metal
Contains less than 25wt percent of the noble metal elements. Base metals are Ni, Cr, Co, Ti,V, Mo.
They are used in preference to noble metal alloys because of their low cost, increased mechanical
properties, lighter weight and oxide formation (required for bonding to porcelain)
Units of Gold
Karat: It refers to the parts of pure gold in 24
parts of an alloy, e.g. 22 karat means 22 parts of
pure gold and 2 parts of other metals.
Fineness: it refers to the number of parts per
1000 parts of gold, e./g. 750- fineness means 75
percent of pure gold had 25 percent of other
metals.
High noble alloy contains40wt percent Au and60
wt percent of the noble metal elements
(Au+Ir+Os+Pt+Rh+Pd+Ru)
Uses
i. High noble for all metal and resin veneered
restorations: the alloys contain gold, silver,
copper and platinum.
ii. High noble alloys for metal ceramic
restorations; Metal -ceramic restoration is one in
which the core is made of an ally to which the
porcelain is veneered, the advantage of this
restoration is it combines the strength of the
metal with esthetics of porcelain.
Noble alloys
It contains 25 percent wt. of noble metal
elements.The noble alloys have moderately high
solidus temperature.Reducing the gold content
lowers the density, which makes the casting less
reliable. Less dense alloys have lower kinetic
energy during casting which in turn reduces
penetration of molten metal into the mold. As a
result these alloys are more difficult to cast
Greening: The silver vapor escapes from the surface of these alloys during firing of porcelain,
diffuses as ionic silver into the porcelain, and is reduced to form colloidal metallic silver into the
surface layer of porcelain.
Minimizing greening effect
Reducing silver content.
Gold metal conditioners or ceramic coating agents.
Palladium copper alloy
it contains 74 to 80 percent palladium and 9 to 15 percent copper.These alloys are multi-phased.
Copper (i) imparts reddish color and hardens the alloy through solid solution hardening and
formation of phases (ii) reduces melting point.
Advantages
-increased hardness, yield strength and elongation values.
-easier to handle.
Disadvantages
-susceptible to creep deformation because of low melting range.
-dark brown or black oxide formation during oxidation and porcelain firing cycles.
-copper ions have been implicated in producing lichenoid reactions