DWDM

Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing

(DWDM)

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TDM to WDM
optical fibre

TDM
+

optical
receiver

optical
transmitter

Multiwavelength
Transmitter

Multiwavelength
Receiver
MUX

BSNL

WDM

DMX

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DWDM-How it works

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Evolution of DWDM
Late
1990s
1996
DWDM
Early
1990s
Narrowband WDM

1980s
Wideband WDM

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64+ channels
25~50 GHz spacing
16+ channels
100~200 GHz spacing

2~8 channels
200~400 GHz spacing
2 channels
1310nm, 1550nm

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DWDM-How it works

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DWDM -analogy
STM-1

155Mb

STM-4

622Mb

STM-16

2.5Gb

STM-64

10Gb

STM-128

40Gb

STM-64

10Gb

STM-16

2.5Gb

STM-16

2.5Gb

STM-16

2.5Gb

STM-64

10Gb

STM-16

2.5Gb

STM-16
BSNL

STM-16

2.5Gb

Maximum
=40Gb

Maximum
40Gb*8=
320Gbps

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2.5Gb

MultiWavelength(DWDM)
TDM
TDM

TDM

D
E
M
U
X

TDM

Transponder
Interfaces

M
U
X
PostAmp

Line Amplifiers

Transponder
Interfaces

PreAmp

TDM

TDM

Direct
Connections

Terminal A

Direct
Connections

Terminal B

DWDM Components

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DWDM Components

Transponder
Multiplexer
Demultiplexer
Optical amplifier
OADM
OXC
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DWDM Transponders

1550 nm
SDH

SDH
R/X

1550 nm
SDH

SDH
T/X

Electrical
levels

Electrical
levels

C band
T/X

C band
signal l

C Band
R/X

C band
signal l

Transponders are frequently formed by two transceivers back-toback

So called Optical-Electrical-Optical (OEO) transponders
Expensive solution at present
True all-optical transponders without OEO also available
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Multiplexers

l
l
l
l

l l l l
1

..

32

2
:
32

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Multiplexing (DWDM) ?

At Ingress: Multiple Optical signals of differing wavelengths

are combined to form a single optical signal.

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Multiplexing
l1

l3

Multiplexer

l2
l1, l2, l3, l4

l4

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Optical Multiplexing

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Demultiplexing (DWDM)
At Egress: A single Optical signals is refracted to separate
multiple Optical signals of differing wavelengths.

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Demultiplexing

l1, l2, l3, l4

Demultiplexer

l1

l2

l3

l4
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Use of Optical Amplifiers

Client
OLTE

Client
OLTE

For Example :
SDH STM-16 / SONET OC-48
2.5 Gb/s on 1 fiber of 70 km

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Use of Optical Amplifiers

Client TX
OLTE

RX Client
OLTE

OA
For Example :
SDH STM-16 / SONET OC-48
Link with 1 transmission Optical Amplifier (OA)
Point to Point Link
2.5 Gb/s on 1 fiber of 100 km

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Use of Optical Amplifiers

Client TX
OLTE

RX Client
OLTE

OA

OA
For Example :
SDH STM-16 / SONET OC-48

Link with 1 transmission OA + 1 receiver OA

Point to Point Link
2.5 Gb/s on 1 fibre of 250 km

BSNL

Regional Telecom Training centre

Use of Optical Amplifiers

Client TX
OLTE

RX Client
OLTE

OA

OA

OA

For Example :

SDH STM-16 / SONET OC-48

Link with 1 transmission OA + 1 receiver OA + With line OA
Point to Point Link
2.5 Gb/s on 1 fiber of 500- 600 km
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TDM Solutions for 600 Kms

SDH

3R

3R

3R

3R

3R

3R

3R

3R

3R

3R

3R

SDH

SDH

3R

3R

3R

3R

3R

3R

3R

3R

3R

3R

3R

SDH

SDH

3R

3R

3R

3R

3R

3R

3R

3R

3R

3R

3R

SDH

SDH

3R

3R

3R

3R

3R

3R

3R

3R

3R

3R

3R

SDH

SDH

3R

3R

3R

3R

3R

3R

3R

3R

3R

3R

3R

SDH

SDH

3R

3R

3R

3R

3R

3R

3R

3R

3R

3R

3R

SDH

32 Clients => 64 Fibers + 704 3R SDH / SONET Regenerators

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WDM Solution for 600 Kms

SDH

SDH

SDH

SDH

SDH

SDH

OM
/
OA

OA

OA

OA

OA
/
OD

SDH

SDH

SDH

SDH

SDH

SDH

32 Clients => 2 Fibers + 5 Optical Amplifiers

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And Therefore...
From 2.5 Gbps per fiber, 70 Km ...

To 1.28 Tbps per fiber, 500 Km

512 Lamda

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Channel Spacing
Trend is toward smaller channel spacings, to incease the channel count

ITU channel spacings are 0.4 nm, 0.8 nm and 1.6 nm (50, 100 and 200 GHz)
Also spacings of 0.2 nm (25 GHz) and even 0.1 nm (12.5 GHz)
Requires laser sources with excellent long term wavelength stability, better than 10 pm
One target is to allow more channels in the C-band without other upgrades
0.8 nm

1550

BSNL

1551

1553
1552
Wavelength in nm

1553

1554

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ITU-T Frequency Grid For WDM

For DWDM - G.692 Rec.
Centre Frequency Wavelength
(THz)
(nm)

Centre Frequency Wavelength

(THz)
(nm)

195.9
195.8
195.7
195.6
195.5
195.4
195.3
195.2
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
192.6
192.5
192.4
192.3
192.2
192.1
192.0
191.9
191.8
191.7

1530.33
1531.12
1531.90
1532.68
1533.47
1534.25
1535.04
1535.82
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
1556.55
1557.36
1558.17
1558.98
1559.79
1560.61
1561.42
1562.23
1563.05
1563.86

N.B. Channel Spacing 100 GHz (0.1 THz) or 0.8 nm.

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Bi directional (BWDM)

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Source: Master 7_4

Bi-directional using WDM

Significant savings possible with so called bi-directional transmission using WDM
This is called "full-duplex" transmission
Individual wavelengths used for each direction

Linking two locations will involve only one fibres, two WDM mux/demuxs and two
transceivers

Transmitter
Receiver

lA

WDM
Mux/Demux
A

l
B

Local Transceiver

BSNL

WDM
Mux/Demux
B

l
A
l
B

Fibre

lB

l
A

Transmitter
Receiver

Distant Transceiver
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Coarse Wavelength Division

Multiplexing(CWDM)

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CWDM
WDM with wider channel spacing (typical 20 nm)
More cost effective than DWDM

Driven by:

Cost-conscious telecommunications environment

Need to better utilize existing infrastructure

Main deployment is foreseen on:

Single mode fibres meeting ITU Rec. G.652.

Metro networks

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CWDM Wavelength Grid: G.694

ITU-T G.694 defines wavelength grids for CWDM Applications
G.694 defines a wavelength grid with 20 nm channel spacing:

Total source wavelength variation of the order of 6-7 nm is assumed

Guard-band equal to one third of the minimum channel spacing is

sufficient.

Hence 20 nm chosen

18 wavelengths between 1270 nm and 1610 nm.

ITU
CWDM
Grid
(nm)

BSNL

1270 1290 1310 1330 1350 1370

1390 1410 1430 1450 1470 1490

1510 1530 1550 1570 1590 1610

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Exploiting the Full Capacity of Optical Fibre

Recent DWDM capacity records
Channel Count

Total Capacity

Lucent

82

3.28 Terabits/sec

Alcatel

128

5.12 Terabits/sec

NEC

160

6.4 Terabits/sec

Siemens

176

7.04 Terabits/sec

Alcatel

256

10.2 Terabits/sec

NEC

273

10.9 Terabits/sec

Manufacturer

NTT-1046 lamda 25 Tbps

BSNL

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Terabits/sec DWDM
Channels at 40 Gbits/s
Utilises transmission in the C, L and S bands
Thulium Doped Fibre Amplifiers (TDFAs) used for
the S-band

Raman Amplifiers in L band

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