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Introduction
Dibenzothiophene(DBT) originated from
fossil fuel air pollution
Burning of fossil fuels containing sulphur
can be important sources of sulfur dioxide.
SO2 it is invisible and has a nasty, sharp
smell.
It reacts with sulfuric acid, sulfurous acid and
sulphate particles to form harmful
compounds.
Desulfurization
Hydrodesulphurization Process
Remove sulphur (S) from natural gas and from
refined petroleum products such as gasoline or
petrol.
The hydrodesulphurization reaction can be simply
expressed as
Ethanethiol + Hydrogen Ethane + Hydrogen sulfide
C2H5SH + H2
C2H6 + H2S
PHYLOGENETIC TREE
Phylogenetic tree
A phylogenetic tree or evolutionary tree
is a branching diagram or tree
showing the inferred evolutionary
relationships among various biological
species or other entities.
PHENETIC
METHOD
CLADISTIC
METHOD
Neighbor-hood joining
(NJ)
- The phylogenetic tree is
constructed from a starlike tree by grouping with
shortest distance of branch
length together.
Identification of NBTU-02
Positive test
Negative test
catalase
glucose
oxidase
xylose
urease
mannitol
gelatin hydrolysis
lactose
nitrate reduction
sucrose
indole production
maltose
citrate
REMARKS:
The Strain NBTU-02 give negative for the following test.
Aerobic Gram negative bacterium with a rod-like morphology.
Growth at 42C.
Remarks:
Phylogenetic relationships of strain NBTU-02 and
other closely related Achromobacter species based on
16S rDNA sequencing.
Neighbor-hood joining method.
Sequences from Bacillus sp. HSCC 1649 T (accession
no. AB045097) was considered as out-group.
This method demonstrated the evolutionary
relationship between the strain NBTU-02 and other
closely related Achromobacter sp., suggesting a
distinct phylogenetic position of this strain within the
genus.
RESPONSE SURFACE
METHODOLOGY
(RSM)
Definition of RSM
RSM
RSM identify the reason for changes in output
response by manipulating several independent
variables.
To see the relationships of independent variables
for producing an optimized condition by
generating a predicted value from mathematical
model.
y output response.
y relies on independent variables of x1 and x2 and
the experimental error, e.
e comes from the experimental errors and other
variations that are not included in response
function, f.
In RSM, the value of f is unknown and hence there
is a need to do some approximation function
model.
Approximation Function
Model
Low-order
polynomials
First-order model
Second-order
model
(i = 1, 2, ......., N)
Second-order model
This model can estimate linear, quadratic and
interactions effects for all factors.
Overcome the weakness of first-order model
Example : Central Composite Design (CCD).
General expression
= 0 +
=1
=1
=1.
=1
Where:
y = predicted response;
0 = intercept term;
= linear effect;
ii = square effect;
ij = interaction effect;
xi and x j = variables.
Achromobacter sp.
capable of degrading DBT
within reasonable period.
Higher degree of
desulfurization was done by
Achromobacter sp. in more
basic medium.
4S PATHWAY
4S pathway
4S pathways
enzymesenzymes
Dibensothiophene
monooxygenase (DszC)
convert DBT to DBT-sulfoxide
and finally to DBT-sulfone
(DBTO2) through the addition
of 2 oxygen atoms to the
sulfur atoms.
DBT-sulfone monooxygenase
(DszA) carries out the next
step in the pathway producing
2-hydroxybiphenyl-2-sulfinic
acid (HBPS) through addition
of a final oxygen to
heteroatom.
HO
2-HBP
H3CO
2-MBP
Analysis of Instrument
In GC-MS,
In GC-FID
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