OWJ200106 WCDMA Handover Principal (With Comment) ISSUE1.0

WCDMA
Handover
Principles
www.huawei.com
Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Foreword
Why mobile systems need handover?
It is decided by the characters of mobile system:
The mobility of UE
The mobile system is composed by cells which the

coverage ability is limited.
Providing the continuous service in mobile system

is the basic element in QoS.
Page2
Objectives
Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:
The basic definitions of Handover
The algorithms of handover decision
The handover flow
The parameters of handover
Page3
Contents
1.
Introduction of Handover
2.
Measurement of Handover
3.
The Basic Handovers
Page4
The Purpose of Handover
Providing the continuous service in mobile system is the

basic element in QoS.
The load balance: sharing the resource
The hierarchy divided by speed and service: high

efficiency of using resource
Page5
The Basic Concepts of

Handover
Active Set
Monitored Set
Detected set
Event reporting
Periodic reporting
Radio Link (RL)
Radio Link Set (RLS)
Combination way:
Event reporting to Periodic reporting
maximum ratio combination

selection combination
The soft handover gain

CPICH
Soft handover, softer handover, hard handover
Page6
The Categories of Handover
According to the signaling characters:
Soft handover (softer handover)
Hard handover
According to the properties of source cell and target cell
Intra-frequency handover
Inter-frequency handover
Inter-system handover (UMTS <-> GSM)
According to the purpose of handover
Based on Coverage
Based on Load (Optional)
Based on mobility of UE (Optional)
Based on Service (Optional)
Page7
The Characters of Different

Handovers
Comparison between soft handover and hard

handover:
Item
Soft Handover
Hard Handover
The numbers of RL in
Several
One
No
Yes
The frequencies of
Only happened in
Can be happened in Intra-
cells
Intra-frequency
frequency cells or Inter-
cells
frequency cells
active set after

handover
Interruption during
handover
Page8
The Characters of Different

Handovers
Comparison between soft handover and softer
handover
During softer handover, the uplink signaling are combined

in NodeB by maximum ratio combination, but during soft
handover they are combined in RNC by selection
combination
Compare to later one, the maximum ration combination can

get more gain. So the performance of maximum ration
combination is better
Since softer handover is completed in NodeB, it do not

consume transport resource of Iub
Page9
Soft Handover
RNC
NodeB 1
NodeB 2
Page10
Softer Handover
RNC (WFMR)
NodeB
Page11
Hard Handover
RNC
NodeB 1
NodeB 2
Page12
Three Steps of Handover
Measurement
Decision
Execute
Page13
Questions
The differences among Soft handover, softer

handover and hard handover
Typical application scenarios
Page14
Summary
This chapter focus on the purpose of handovers and

the categories of handover in WCDMA.
Page15
Contents
1.
2.
3.
The Basic Handovers
Page16
Contents
2.
2.1 Measurement control and measurement report
2.2 The basic definitions of measurement
2.3 Measurement event
2.4 Compressed mode
Page17
Measurement Control
UE
UTRAN
MEASUREMENT CONTROL
Measurement Control, normal case
Page18
Measurement Control
UE
UTRAN
MEASUREMENT CONTROL
Page19
Measurement Report
UE
UTRAN
MEASUREMENT REPORT
Page20
Contents
2.
2.4 Compressed mode
Page21
The Basic Concepts of

Measurement
The measurement values of Handover
Soft handover and Intra-frequency hard handover : CPICH RSCP,

CPICH Ec/N0, Path loss
Inter-frequency CPICH RSCP, CPICH Ec/N0
Inter-system GSM Carrier RSSI, BSIC Identification, BSIC
Reconfirmation
The reporting methods of measurement
Periodic reporting
Event reporting
The events of reporting
Intra-frequency events 1A,1B,1C,1D,1F
Inter-frequency events 2D,2F,2B,2C
Inter-system events 3A,3C
Page22
Measurement Model
parameters
parameters
Layer 1
filtering
Layer 3
filtering
C
C'
Evaluation
of reporting
criteria
Page23
Reporting Criterion
Reporting Criterion
Decision formula: for example, 1A event :
Path Loss
i (1 W ) 10 LogM Best ( R H 1a / 2),

i
10 LogM New W 10 Log
NA
Other measurement
10 LogM New W 10 Log
NA
M
i 1
(1 W ) 10 LogM Best ( R H 1a / 2),
Page24
Key Parameters
Page25
Contents
2.
2.4 Compressed mode
Page26
Intra-frequency Measurement
Events
Intra-frequency measurement report events are
identified with 1X
1A : A primary pilot channel enters the reporting range.

When the active set of UE is full, UE stops reporting 1A
event;
1B : A primary pilot channel leaves the reporting range;
1C : The primary pilot channel in a non active set is

better than the primary pilot channel in an active set;
1D : The best cell changes;
1E : The measurement value of a primary pilot channel

exceeds the absolute threshold
Page27
Inter-frequency Measurement
Events
Inter-frequency measurement events are identified

with 2X
2B : The estimated quality value of the used frequency

is lower than a certain threshold, and that of the nonused frequency is higher than a certain threshold;
2C : The estimated quality value of the non-used
frequency is higher than a certain threshold;
2D : The estimated quality value of the used frequency
is lower than a certain threshold
2F : The estimated quality value of the used frequency
is higher than a certain threshold
Page28
Inter-system Measurement
Events
Inter-system measurement events are identified with
3X
3A : The estimated quality value of the used UTRAN

frequency is lower than a certain threshold, and that of
the other system is higher than a certain threshold
3C : The estimated quality value of the other system is

higher than a certain threshold
Page29
Contents
2.
2.4 Compressed mode
Page30
The Purpose of Compressed

mode
Purpose
Measure the inter-frequency cell or inter-system cell

under FDD mode
Categories
Downlink compressed
Uplink compressed
Page31
Compressed Mode Sketch Map
One frame
(10 ms)
Transmission gap available for

inter-frequency measurements
Page32
The realization Methods of

Realization Methodsmode
Compressed
SF/2
Rate matching/puncturing
Higher layer scheduling
Page33
Questions
How many events are there in intra-frequency

measurement? What are they?
How many events are there in UE internal

measurement?
How many events are there in inter-frequency

measurement? What are they?
Page34
Summary
This chapter covers intra-frequency measurement,

inter-frequency measurement, inter-system
measurement and UE internal measurement from
their definitions and application scenarios
Page35
Contents
1.
2.
3.
The Basic Handovers
Page36
Contents
3.
The Basic Handovers

3.1 Soft Handover
3.2 Intra-frequency Hard Handover
3.3 Inter-frequency Hard Handover
3.4 Inter-system Hard Handover
Page37
Brief Introduction of Soft

Handover
Characters of Soft Handover
During handover, UE has several RLs with different

cells - active set
The handover among different cells which are in same

RLS can be softer handover
Soft handover:
Selection combination in uplink
Maximum combination in downlink
Softer handover
Maximum combination in uplink and downlink
Page38
Brief Introduction of Soft

Handover
Advantages
Soft handover gain
Load balance
Decrease the possibility of call drop caused by ping-pong

handover
Disadvantages
More resource needed in downlink, especially for the code

resource of BE service
Usually, the gain of downlink power is negative
When the downlink power from different cells is not balanced,

it will bring side-effect
Page39
Measurement of Soft Handover
The measurement of soft handover/softer handover
Measurement value CPICH RSCP CPICH

Ec/No Pathloss
Process of Measurement Layer 1 filter, Layer 3 filter
Reporting way
Periodic reporting
Event reporting
Event type 1A 1B 1C 1D 1F
UE measures the time difference between CFN and SFN
Reporting rules: trigger condition, Relative threshold, Absolute
threshold, Hysteresis, Time to trigger
Event reporting to periodic reporting
Page40
The Decision Algorithm of Soft

Handover
Soft/softer handover decision
1A : Radio Link Addition
1B : Radio Link Removal
1C : Combined Radio Link Addition and Removal
1D : change best cell
Page41
The Execution of Soft

Handover
Soft handover execution
The update principal of measurement control
Configure the neighbor cells and the parameters

according to best cell
RLC mode
AM mode is used for measurement control
UM mode is used for measurement report
The compensation and restriction of soft handover
From event reporting to periodic reporting
Page42
Soft Handover Flow (add RL)
Page43
Soft Handover Flow (del RL)
Page44
Key Parameters
Relative threshold
Time to trigger
Layer 3 filter coefficient
Absolute threshold of soft handover
Page45
Contents
3.
The Basic Handovers

3.1 Soft Handover
Page46
Brief Introduction of Intra-frequency

Hard
Handover
Characters
UE only has one RL with one cell in the process of handover
Disconnect UE with the original cell, then hand it over to target cell
The working frequency of source cell and target cell are same
Advantages
Disadvantages
Enhance the using efficiency of the OVSF code and hardware

resource
High call drop possibility because of the intra-frequency
interference
Application scenarios
Without Iur interface between two RNCs or the Iur interface jam
(only happened in inter-RNC handover)
The different strategies can be used for different conditions, such
as code resource condition, the QoS condition and so no
Page47
The Measurement, Decision and

Execution of Intra-frequency Hard
Measurement
Handover
Similar to soft handover
Decision
1D event
Execution
UE reports CFN-SFN information
Synchronization hard handover

Use the original DOFF value
Continuous CFN
UE does not report CFN-SFN information
The hard handover based on timing

Re-configure DOFF
Calculate CFN according to DOFF
Page48
The Measurement, Decision and

Execution of Intra-frequency Hard
Measurement
Handover
Similar to soft handover
Decision
1D event
Execution
UE reports CFN-SFN information
Synchronization hard handover

Use the original DOFF value
Continuous CFN
UE does not report CFN-SFN information
The hard handover based on timing

Re-configure DOFF
Calculate CFN according to DOFF
Page49
Intra-frequency Hard Handover

Flow
UE
Target
NODEB
Source
NODEB
SRNC
1.RADIO LINK SETUP REQUEST

2. RADIO LINK SETUP RESPONSE
3.ALCAP establish
4. PHYSICAL CHANNEL RECONFIGURATION
5. RADIO LINK
FAILURE INDICATION
6. PHYSICAL CHANNEL RECONFIGURATION COMPLETE
7. RADIO LINK
DELETION REQUEST
8. RADIO LINK
DELETION RESPONSE
9.ALCAP release
Page50
Key Parameters
Handover decision threshold based on BE speed
UE should do soft handover when the speed of BE

service is less than the threshold.
UE should do intra-frequency hard handover when the

speed of BE service is greater than the threshold.
The parameters about 1D event
Time to trigger, hysteresis

The parameters should be set accord with the Qos
Page51
Contents
3.
The Basic Handovers

3.1 Soft Handover
Page52
The Brief Introduction of Interfrequency

Hard Handover
Characters
The working frequency is different after handover

The compressed mode needed if the UE only has one
receiver
Usually, the timing re-initiation hard handover is used
for hard handover
Disconnected coverage
Handover based on load
Hierarchy cells
Page53
Measurement Values and

Events
The Inter-frequency hard handover measurement

values
Measurement values
CPICH RSCP CPICH Ec/N0
Different handover purpose for different measurement

type
In the edge of carrier coverage: CPICH RSCP
In the center of carrier coverage: CPICH Ec/No
Page54
Compressed Mode Initiation
Conditions for measurement initiated
2D event : The estimated quality value of the used

frequency is lower than a certain threshold
Conditions for Measurement stopping
2F event : The estimated quality value of the used

frequency is higher than a certain threshold
Page55
Cells Hierarchy Algorithm Based

is in one of the
hierarchy cells, the moving
onWhen
UEUEMoving
Speed
speed estimation algorithm is initiated
Handover events in a while decides whether the speed

of UE satisfies the current cell hierarchy condition
UEs moving speed decided the result
Page56
Decision
Algorithm
The inter-frequency hard handover decision
The coverage triggers the handover
2B event
the quality in the used frequency is lower than absolute
threshold, but the quality in another non-used frequency is
higher than another absolute threshold.
The load triggers handover
2C event
the quality in another frequency is higher than an absolute
threshold
Page57
Inter-frequency Hard Handover

Source
Signaling
Flow
Target
SRNC
UE
NODEB
NODEB
1.RADIO LINK SETUP REQUEST

2. RADIO LINK SETUP RESPONSE
3.ALCAP established
4. PHYSICAL CHANNEL RECONFIGURATION
5. RADIO LINK
FAILURE INDICATION
6. PHYSICAL CHANNEL RECONFIGURATION COMPLETE
7. RADIO LINK
DELETION REQUEST
8. RADIO LINK
DELETION RESPONSE
9.ALCAP released
Page58
Key Parameters (I)
Inter-frequency coverage handover parameters
Inter-frequency measurement reporting: periodic reporting or

event reporting
Inter-frequency measurement values: CPICH Ec/No or CPICH RSCP
Inter-frequency measurement layer 3 filter coefficient, delay
trigger time and hysteresis
Inter-frequency initiated and stopped threshold: Considering the
different demands of CPICH Ec/No and CPICH RSCP for PS domain
and CS domain, the different 2D and 2F parameters are configured.
Inter-frequency handover based on coverage: the quality threshold
of target cell
Using frequency quality threshold in inter-frequency hard handover
The minimum access threshold for inter-frequency handover
Page59
Key Parameters (II)
Inter-frequency handover parameters caused by

non-coverage ability
Inter-frequency measurement layer 3 filter coefficient,

delay trigger time and hysteresis
Inter-frequency handover based on non-coverage

ability
Page60
Contents
3.
The Basic Handovers

3.1 Soft Handover
Page61
The Brief Introduction of Intersystem Hard Handover
Characters
Different radio access technology is used after handover

Usually, compressed mode should be used to help the
measurement
Advantages
WCDMA FDD < >GSM
For coverage, it can solve the problems from one system to

another system
For capacity, it can enhance the utilizing efficiency of old
equipments(2G->3G)
Disadvantages
The flow is complicated, and it demands higher

compatibility for equipments
Demands more complicated UE
Page62
Compressed Mode
The inter-system measurement (GSM measurement)
Initiated
Measurement type:
GSM Carrier RSSI
BSIC Identification
BSIC Reconfirmation
The process of measurement: layer 1 filter, layer 3

filter
Measurement reporting
Event reporting
2D Event: initiate GSM measurement
2F Event: stop GSM measurement
Page63
Decision Algorithm
Inter-system handover caused by coverage
Event reporting:
3A event The estimated quality value of the used UTRAN

frequency is lower than a certain threshold, and that of the
other system is higher than a certain threshold
Periodic reporting:
Evaluation According to the periodic reported GSM RSSI

measurement value and the BSIC confirming state of target
cell of GSM system, and meanwhile the UE evaluates the
GSM RSSI of target cell is greater than the absolute
threshold, then consider the cell confirmed by BSIC
Page64
Decision
Algorithm
Inter-system handover caused by non-coverage
Event reporting
3C event: The estimated quality value of the other

system is higher than a absolute threshold
Page65
Inter-system Handover Flow

UE
Node B
SRNC
CN
1. Relocation
Required
6. Relocation
Command
MSC
2. Prepare
Handover
5. Prepare
Handover
Response
BSC
3. Handover
Request
4. Handover
Request Ack
7. DCCH : Handover
from UTRAN Command
8. Handover
Detect
9. Handover Complete
12. Iu Release
Command
13. Iu Release
Complete
11. Send
End
Signal
Request
10. Handover
Complete
14. Send End

Signal Response
Page66
Key Parameters (I)
Inter-system handover caused by coverage parameters
Inter-system measurement initiated and stopped threshold:

Considering the different demands of CPICH Ec/No and
CPICH RSCP for PS domain and CS domain, the different 2D
and 2F parameters are configured
Inter-system measurement values (2D, 2F)
CPICH Ec/No
CPICH RSCP
BSIC confirmed (Optional)
Inter-system handover caused by coverage parameters
configure the GSM RSSI threshold of CS domain and PS domain

separately
Using inter-system frequency quality handover threshold
Configure the delay trigger time, hysteresis for each event
Page67
Key Parameters (II)
Inter-system handover caused by non-coverage

parameters
The period of inter-system measurement report
The decision threshold for inter-system handover:

configure the CS, PS, signaling separately
Time delay trigger : configure BSIC with

acknowledged and unacknowledged mode
Inter-frequency measurement layer 3 filter

coefficient and hysteresis
Penalty time
Page68
Questions
What are the differences between soft handover and

softer handover?
What is compressed mode?
Draw out the hard handover signaling flow.
Page69
Summary
This chapter focus on the basic handovers in WCDMA:

soft handover, softer handover, intra-frequency hard
handover, inter-frequency hard handover and intersystem hard handover. It also introduced the
application scenarios for these different handovers
Meanwhile, compressed mode is introduced in this

chapter
Page70
Thank you
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WCDMA

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Why mobile systems need handover?

It is decided by the characters of mobile system:

The mobile system is composed by cells which the

Providing the continuous service in mobile system

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:

The basic definitions of Handover

The algorithms of handover decision

The handover flow

The parameters of handover

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

The Basic Handovers

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

The Purpose of Handover

Providing the continuous service in mobile system is the

The load balance: sharing the resource

The hierarchy divided by speed and service: high

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

The Basic Concepts of

Event reporting to Periodic reporting

maximum ratio combination

The soft handover gain

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

The Categories of Handover

According to the signaling characters:

Soft handover (softer handover)

According to the properties of source cell and target cell

Inter-system handover (UMTS <-> GSM)

According to the purpose of handover

Based on Load (Optional)

Based on mobility of UE (Optional)

Based on Service (Optional)

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

The Characters of Different

Comparison between soft handover and hard

Can be happened in Intra-

frequency cells or Inter-

active set after

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

The Characters of Different

During softer handover, the uplink signaling are combined

Compare to later one, the maximum ration combination can

Since softer handover is completed in NodeB, it do not

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Three Steps of Handover

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

The differences among Soft handover, softer

Typical application scenarios

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

This chapter focus on the purpose of handovers and

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

The Basic Handovers

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Measurement Control, normal case

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Measurement Control, normal case

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Measurement Control, normal case