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fossilised
remains
of plants and animals.
Coalification takes place by two processes:
Peat
> Lignite
> Bituminous > Anthracite
(4125-5400) (6500-7100)
(8000-8500)
(8650-8700)
based on the calorific value (K.Cal/Kg), volatile matter, moisture, H, O,
N and S contents.
Analysis of Coal
Two types of analysis:
a)
Proximate Analysis
b)
Ultimate Analysis
Proximate Analysis
Moisture content:
(i)
(ii)
Volatile Matter:
- Volatile matter present in coal may be combustible gases such as Hydrogen,
CO, methane and other lower hydrocarbons) or non-combustible gases like CO2
and N2
- Volatile matter escapes unburnt from coal and hence undesirable.
- Volatile matter results in
a) long flame b) high smoke c) low calorific value
Proximate Analysis
Determination of Volatile matter:
- Weight loss method by heating at 925+/-20oC for 7 minutes in a muffle
furnace by putting coal in a crucible.
Loss in weight due to removal of volatile matter
% Volatile matter =
X 100
Proximate Analysis
(iv) Fixed carbon:
-Represents the quantity of carbon present in coal that can be burnt
- High the %Carbon, higher will be the calorific value of the fuel
- Helps in designing the furnace since it is fixed C that burns in solid form
Determination of Fixed Carbon:
Ultimate Anaysis
(i)
C and H in coal
()
()
()
Determination :
()
()
()
CO2
and
H 2 + O2
H 2O
These gaseous products are passed through two bulbs containing anhhydrous CaCl 2
and KOH respectively to get moisture and CO2 absorbed to give
a) CaCl2 +7 H2O
CaCl2 . 7H2O
b) 2 KOH + CO2
K2CO3 + H2O
and
()
Initial weight and final weight of CaCl2 and KOH in the bulbs are measured
()
Ultimate Anaysis
(ii) Nitrogen in coal:
Determination of N2 in coal:
2 Na2SO4
+ 2 NH3 + 2H 2O
(NH4)2SO4
Plastic
water
aspirator
Ultimate Anaysis
Amt. of N/10 H2SO4 consumed to neutralise ammonia evolved
= N/10 x V1 N/10 x V2 = 0.1 (V1 - V2) milli eq.
= 0.1 (V1 - V2) / 1000 equiv.
0.1 (V1 - V2)
Wt. of N
1000
x 100
Wt. of N
%N =
x 100
Wt. of coal sample taken (1 g)
X 14 x 100
i.e.
Ultimate Anaysis
(iii) Sulphur:
In spite of the high calorific value of S, on combustion it produces SO 2 and SO3(toxic)
gases.
Sulphur is undesirable in coal when coal is to be converted into coke which will badly
affect the quality and properties of steel when coke is used in steel industry.
Determination of S:
A known amount of coal is burnt in bomb calorimeter in a current of oxygen when S
S
32
Wt. of Sulphur =
% S in coal =
SO4232
BaSO4
233
233
Wt. of BaSO4 ppt. x 32 x 100
Ultimate Anaysis
(iv) Ash:
Ash is determined using Proximate analysis of coal.
(v) Oxygen:
Oxygen is present in combined form with hydrogen in coal and because of
this, the available free hydrogen in coal is less than the actual hydrogen.
High oxygen content indicates high moisture content in the coal. (an increase
of 1% in oxygen content will reduce the calorific value of the coal by 1.7%).
Hence, good quality coal should have less oxygen.
Determination of Oxygen:
Oxygen in coal is determined by deducting C, H, S and ash from 100.