Div 44

INTRODUCTION TO
CORPORATE FINANCE
Chapter 22 Dividend Policy
CHAPTER 22
Dividend Policy
Lecture Agenda
Learning Objectives
Important Terms
Mechanics of Dividend Payments
Cash Dividend Payments
M&Ms Dividend Irrelevance Theorem
The Bird in the Hand Argument
Dividend Policy in Practice
Relaxing the M&M Assumptions
Stock Dividends and Stock Splits
Share Repurchases
Summary and Conclusions
Concept Review Questions
CHAPTER 22 Dividend Policy
22 - 3
Learning Objectives
You should understand the following:
The mechanics of dividend payments and why they are different
from interest payments
The difference between a stock split and a stock dividend
Under what assumptions a dividend payment is irrelevant and
what a homemade dividend is
Why dividend payments generally reflect the business risk of the
firm
How transactions costs, taxes and information problems give value
to corporate dividend policies
How stock dividends and stock splits differ
How a share repurchase program can substitute for a dividend
payout policy.
22 - 4
Important Chapter Terms
Agency theory
Bird in the hand argument
Cash cow
Declaration date
Dividend reinvestment
plans
Dividend yield
Equity market
capitalization
Ex-dividend date
Free cash flow

Holder of record
Homemade dividends
Income stripping
Odd lots
Residual theory of
dividends
Special dividend
Split shares
Stock dividend
Stock split
Tax clienteles
22 - 5
What is Dividend Policy?

Dividend Policy
Dividend Policy
What is It?
Dividend Policy refers to the explicit or

implicit decision of the Board of Directors
regarding the amount of residual earnings
(past or present) that should be distributed to
the shareholders of the corporation.
This decision is considered a financing decision
because the profits of the corporation are an
important source of financing available to the firm.
22 - 7
Types of Dividends
Dividend Policy
Types of Dividends
Dividends are a permanent distribution of residual
earnings/property of the corporation to its owners.
Dividends can be in the form of:
Cash
Additional Shares of Stock (stock dividend)
Property
If a firm is dissolved, at the end of the process, a final

dividend of any residual amount is made to the
shareholders this is known as a liquidating dividend.
22 - 9
Dividends and Corporate Financing

Dividend Policy
Dividends a Financing Decision

In the absence of dividends, corporate earnings accrue to the benefit of
shareholders as retained earnings and are automatically reinvested in
the firm.
When a cash dividend is declared, those funds leave the firm
permanently and irreversibly.
Distribution of earnings as dividends may starve the company of funds
required for growth and expansion, and this may cause the firm to seek
additional external capital.
Retained Earnings
Corporate Profits After Tax
Dividends
22 - 11
Dividends versus Interest Obligations

Interest
Interest is a payment to lenders for the use of their funds for a given
period of time
Timely payment of the required amount of interest is a legal obligation
Failure to pay interest (and fulfill other contractual commitments
under the bond indenture or loan contract) is an act of bankruptcy and
the lender has recourse through the courts to seek remedies
Secured lenders (bondholders) have the first claim on the firms assets
in the case of dissolution or in the case of bankruptcy
Dividends
A dividend is a discretionary payment made to shareholders
The decision to distribute dividends is solely the responsibility of the
board of directors
Shareholders are residual claimants of the firm (they have the last,
and residual claim on assets on dissolution and on profits after all
other claims have been fully satisfied)
22 - 12
The Mechanics of Dividend Payments

Dividend Policy
Dividend Payments
Mechanics of Cash Dividend Payments
Declaration Date
Holder of Record Date
Ex-dividend Date
Payment Date
22 - 14
Dividend Payments
Mechanics of Cash Dividend Payments
Declaration Date
this is the date on which the Board of Directors meet and declare the dividend. In their
resolution the Board will set the date of record, the date of payment and the amount of the
dividend for each share class.
when CARRIED, this resolution makes the dividend a current liability for the firm.
Date of Record
is the date on which the shareholders register is closed after the trading day and all those
who are listed will receive the dividend.
Ex dividend Date
is the date that the value of the firms common shares will reflect the dividend payment (ie.
fall in value)
ex means without.
At the start of trading on the ex-dividend date, the share price will normally open for trading
at the previous days close, less the value of the dividend per share. This reflects the fact
that purchasers of the stock on the ex-dividend date and beyond WILL NOT receive the
declared dividend.
Date of Payment
is the date the cheques for the dividend are mailed out to the shareholders.
22 - 15
Dividend Declaration Time Line

2 business days prior to the Date of Record
Declaration Date
The Board Meets

and passes the
motion to create
the dividend
Date of
Record
Date of
Payment
Ex Dividend Date is determined

by the Date of Record.
The market value of the shares
drops by the value of the dividend
per share on market openingcompared
to the previous days close.
22 - 16
Trade Settlement and the Ex Dividend

Date
Changes in the Settlement Cycle
In June 1995 the settlement cycle for all non-money-market Canadian and
U.S. securities was reduced from five business days (T + 5) to three
business days (T + 3).
The rationale for the change stems from the 1987 stock market crash
when it was realized that a securities market failure could result in a credit
market failure. The gridlock created in 1990 by the bankruptcy of Drexel
Burnham Lambert, a large U.S. broker, increased the need to minimize the
risks involved in the clearing and settlement of securities.
The shortened settlement cycle requires that the payment of funds and
the delivery of securities take place on the third business day after the
trade date. This will reduce credit, market and liquidity risks by
decreasing post-trade settlement exposure.
Ex Dividend Date
The date is not chosen by the board of directors, rather it is determined as

a result of the exchanges settlement practices and is a function of the
date of record.
22 - 17
Dividend Decision and the Board of

Directors
Dividend Policy
Dividend Policy
Dividends, Shareholders and the Board of Directors
There is no legal obligation for firms to pay dividends to

common shareholders
Shareholders cannot force a Board of Directors to
declare a dividend, and courts will not interfere with
the BODs right to make the dividend decision because:
Board members are jointly and severally liable for any damages
they may cause
Board members are constrained by legal rules affecting dividends
including:
Not paying dividends out of capital
Not paying dividends when that decision could cause the firm to
become insolvent
Not paying dividends in contravention of contractual commitments
(such as debt covenant agreements)
22 - 19
Dividend Payments
Dividend Policy
Dividend Payments
Dividend Reinvestment Plans (DRIPs)
Involve shareholders deciding to use the cash

dividend proceeds to buy more shares of the firm
DRIPs will buy as many shares as the cash dividend allows with
the residual deposited as cash
Leads to shareholders owning odd lots (less than 100 shares)
Firms are able to raise additional common stock

capital continuously at no cost and fosters an ongoing relationship with shareholders.
22 - 21
Dividend Payments
Stock Dividends
Stock dividends simply amount to distribution of

additional shares to existing shareholders
They represent nothing more than recapitalization
of earnings of the company. (that is, the amount
of the stock dividend is transferred from the R/E
account to the common share account.
Because of the capital impairment rule stock
dividends reduce the firms ability to pay
dividends in the future.
22 - 22
Dividend Payments
Stock Dividends
Implications
reduction in the R/E account

reduced capacity to pay future dividends
proportionate share ownership remains unchanged
shareholders wealth (theoretically) is unaffected
Effect on the Company
conserves cash
serves to lower the market value of firms stock modestly
promotes wider distribution of shares to the extent that current owners divest themselves of
shares...because they have more
adjusts the capital accounts
dilutes EPS
Effect on Shareholders
proportion of ownership remains unchanged

total value of holdings remains unchanged
if former DPS is maintained, this really represents an increased dividend payout
22 - 23
Dividend Payments
Stock Dividend Example
ABC Company
Equity Accounts
as at February xx, 20x9
Common stock (215,000)
$5,000,000
Retained earnings
20,000,000
Net Worth
$25,000,000
The company, on March 1, 20x9 declares a 10 percent stock dividend when the
current market price for the stock is $40.00 per share.
This stock dividend will increase the number of shares outstanding by 10 percent.
This will mean issuing 21,500 shares. The value of the shares is:
$40.00 (21,500) = $860,000
This stock dividend will result in $860,000 being transferred from the retained
earnings account to the common stock account:
next page...
22 - 24
Dividend Payments
Stock Dividend Example
After the stock dividend:
ABC Company
Equity Accounts
as at March 1, 20x9
Common stock (236,500)
Retained earnings
Net worth
$5,860,000
19,140,000
$25,000,000
The market price of the stock will be affected by the stock dividend:
New Share Price = Old Price/ (1.1) = $40.00/1.1 = $36.36
The individual shareholders wealth will remain unchanged.
22 - 25
Dividend Payments
Stock Splits
Although there is no theoretical proof, there is some

who believe that an optimal price range exists for a
companys common shares.
It is generally felt that there is greater demand for
shares of companies that are traded in the $40 - $80
dollar range.
The purpose of a stock split is to decrease share price.
The result is:
increase in the number of share outstanding
theoretically, no change in shareholder wealth
Reasons for use:

better share price trading range
psychological appeal (signalling affect)
22 - 26
Dividend Payments
Stock Split Example
The Board of Directors of XYZ Company is considering using a stock split
to put its shares into a better trading range. They are confident that the
firms stock price will continue to rise given the firms outstanding
financial performance. Currently, the companys shares are trading for
$150 and the companys shareholders equity accounts are as follows:
Commons shares (100,000 outstanding)
Retained earnings
Net Worth
$1,500,000
15,000,000
$16,500,000
A 2 for 1 Stock Split:

New Share Price = P0[1/(2/1)] = $150[1/(2/1)] = $150[.5] = $75.00
The firms equity accounts:

Retained earnings
Net Worth
$1,500,000
15,000,000
$16,500,000
22 - 27
Dividend Payments
Further Stock Split Examples
A 4 for 3 Stock Split:
New Share Price = P0[1/(4/3)] = $150[1/(4/3)] = $150[.75] = $112.50

Retained earnings
Net Worth
$1,500,000
15,000,000
$16,500,000
A 3 for 4 Reverse Stock Split:
New Share Price = P0[1/(3/4)] = $150[1/(3/4)] = $150[1.33] = $200.00

Retained earnings
Net Worth
$1,500,000
15,000,000
$16,500,000
Clearly the Board can use stock splits and reverse stock splits to place the firms
stock in a particular trading range.
22 - 28
Dividend Payments
Stock Split Effects
shareholders wealth should remain unaffected:

Original Holdings: (100 shares @ $150/share) = $15,000
After a 4 for 1 split: (400 shares @ $37.50/share) = $15,000
the above will hold true if there is no psychological

appeal to the stock split.
There is some evidence that the share price of
companies which split stock is more bouyant
because of a positive signal being transferred to
the market by this action.
22 - 29
Stock Dividends versus Stock Splits

Stock Dividends
Stock Splits
lowers stock price slightly

little psychological appeal
recapitalization of earnings
no change in proportional
ownership
odd lots created
theoretically, no value to
the investor
large drop in stock price

much stronger potential
signalling effect
no recapitalization
same
odd lots rare

same
22 - 30

The Macro Perspective
Figure 22 -1 illustrates:
Aggregate after-tax profits run at approximately 6% of GDP but
are highly variable
Aggregate dividends are relatively stable when compared to
after-tax profits.
They are sustained in the face of drops in profit during recessions
They are held reasonably constant in the face of peaks in aggregate
profits.
(See Figure 22 - 1 on the following slide)
22 - 31

Aggregate Dividends and Profits
FIGURE 22-2
22 - 32

The Macro Perspective
Figure 22 -2 illustrates:
Aggregate Dividend payouts further illustrates the
effects of relatively stable dividend payouts in the face
of profit volatility:
The normal aggregate dividend payout rate is about 40% of
after-tax profit
When profits drop and dividends are held constant, payout
rates rise to 100%
(See Figure 22 - 2 on the following slide)

22 - 33

Aggregate Dividend Payouts
FIGURE 22-3
22 - 34

The Macro Perspective - Question
Why are dividends smoothed and not

matched to profits?
22 - 35

The Micro Perspective
Table 22 -1 contains dividend yields for

selected companies.
The companies chosen here illustrate the dramatic
differences between companies:
Some pay no dividends
Some pay consistent cash dividends representing substantial
yields on current shares prices
The highest yields are found in the case of Income Trusts and
large stable blue-chip financials and utilities
22 - 36

Dividend Yields
22 - 37
Modigliani and Millers Dividend

Irrelevance Theorem
M&M, Dividends and Firm Value
Modigliani and Millers Dividend Irrelevance

Theorem
The value of M&Ms Dividend Irrelevance
argument is that in the end, it shows where
value can be created with dividend policy and
why.
22 - 39

M&M, Dividends, and Firm Value
Start with the single-period DDM:
[ 22-1]
D1 P1
P0
(1 Ke )
22 - 40

Multiply by the number of shares outstanding

(m) to convert the single stock price model to
a model to value the whole firm:
[ 22-2]
m( D1 P1 )
mP0 V0
(1 Ke )
22 - 41

Assumptions
No Taxes
Perfect capital markets
large number of individual buyers and sellers
costless information
no transaction costs
All firms maximize value

There is no debt
22 - 42

Without debt, sources and uses of funds identity

(sources = uses) can be expressed as:
[ 22-3]
X 1 nP1 I1 mD1
Where:
X
I
XI
mD1
represents cash flow from operations

represents investment
is free cash flow
is dividend to current shareholders at time 1
22 - 43

Solving for dividends paid out (mD1 ):
mD1 X 1 nP1 I1
22 - 44

If a firm pays out dividends that exceeds its free cash

flow (X I), then it must issue new common shares to
pay for these dividends.
Substituting into Equation 22 2 we get:
[ 22-4]
X1 I1 [(m n) P1 V1 ]
V0
(1 K )
The value of the firm is the value of the next periods

free cash flow (X1 I1) plus the next periods equity
market value
22 - 45

The firm value is determined as the present value of

the free cash flows to the equity holders:
X t It
V0
t
(
1
K
)
t 1
[ 22-5]
Value has
nothing
to do with
dividends
The dividend is equal to the free cash flow each period,

and dividends are therefore a residual after the firm
has taken care of all of its investment requirements
this is the Residual Theory of Dividends
22 - 46

Residual Theory of Dividends
The Residual Theory of Dividends suggests that

logically, each year, management should:
Identify free cash flow generated in the previous period

Identify investment projects that have positive NPVs
Invest in all positive NPV projects
If free cash flow is insufficient, then raise external capital in
this case no dividend is paid
If free cash flow exceeds investment requirements, the residual
amount is distributed in the form of cash dividends.
22 - 47

Residual Theory of Dividends - Implication
The implication of the Residual Theory of Dividends are:

Investment decisions are independent of the firms dividend policy
No firm would pass on a positive NPV project because of the lack of

funds, because, by definition the incremental cost of those funds is
less than the IRR of the project, so the value of the firm is maximized
only if the project is undertaken.
If the firm cant make good use of free cash flow (ie. It has no projects
with IRRs > cost of capital) then those funds should be distributed
back to shareholders in the form of dividends for them to invest on
their own.
The firm should operate where Marginal Cost equals Marginal
Revenue as seen in Figure 22 4 on the following slide:
22 - 48

Internal Funds, Investment, and Dividends
22 - 4 FIGURE
OPTIMAL INVESTMENT
Rate of
Return
MC=MR
IOS
WACC
Internal Funds Available

$11,976
Million
$177,607
Million
22 - 49

Homemade Dividends
Shareholders can buy or sell shares in an

underlying company to create their own cash
flow pattern.
They dont need management declare a cash
dividend, they can create their own.
Conclusion: under the assumptions of M&Ms model,
the investor is indifferent to the firms dividend policy.
22 - 50
The Bird-in-the-Hand Argument

Dividend Policy

M&Ms Assumptions Relaxed
Risk is a real world factor.

Firms that reinvest free cash flow, put that
money at risk there is no certainty of
investment outcome those forfeit dividends
that are reinvestedcould be lost!
Remember the two-stage DDM?
22 - 52

Remember the two-stage DDM?

[ 22-6]
ROE1 BVPS
Inv
ROE 2 K e
(
)
Ke
(1 K e )
Ke
The first term is the present value of existing opportunities

(PVEO)
The second term is the present value of growth opportunities
(PVGO)
These forecast returns face risks of new market entrants to
compete for the excess profits forecast in emerging opportunities
making PVGO extremely vulnerable.
22 - 53

Myron Gordon suggests that dividends are more stable

than capital gains and are therefore more highly valued
by investors.
This implies that investors perceive non-dividend paying
firms to be riskier and apply a higher discount rate to
value them causing the share price to fall.
The difference between the M&M and Gordon arguments
are illustrated in Figure 22 - 5 on the following slide:
M&M argue that dividends and capital gains are perfect substitutes
22 - 54

M&M versus Gordons Bird in the Hand Theory
22 - 5 FIGURE
OPTIMAL INVESTMENT
D1
P0
Gordon
P1 P0
P0
M&M
22 - 55

M&M versus Gordons Bird in the Hand Theory
Conclusions:
Firms cannot change underlying operational
characteristics by changing the dividend
The dividend should reflect the firms operations
through the residual value of dividends
22 - 56

Dividend Policy

Firms smooth their dividends
Firms tend to hold dividends constant, even in the
face of increasing after-tax profit
Firms are very reluctant to cut dividends
22 - 58

Lintners Work on Dividend Adjustment
John Lintner suggested a partial adjustment

model to explain the smoothing of dividend
behaviour illustrating that firms slowly change
dividends as they move toward a new target
level:
[ 22-7]
Dt (Dt* -Dt-1 )
22 - 59

The target dividend Dt* Lintner suggested is a function

of the firms optimal payout rate of the firms underlying
earnings (Et) leading to the following equation:
[ 22-8]
Dt a (1 b) Dt-1 cE1
The coefficient on lagged dividends was estimated at

0.70 indicating an adjustment speed (b) coefficent of
0.30.
The coefficient on current earnings (c) was estimated at
0.15
22 - 60

Implications
The speed of dividend adjustment is only about 30
percent
Firms are very reluctant to fully adjust
Firms do not follow a policy of paying a constant
proportion of earnings out as dividends
Dividend policy in practice does not follow M&Ms
irrelevance arguments because the real world does
not match the assumptions used.
22 - 61

Welcome to the Real World!
Transactions Costs
Underwriting costs are very high, providing a strong
incentive for firms to finance growth out of free cash
flow
Facing these high underwriting costs firms:
With high growth rates have little incentive to pay dividends
With volatile earnings conserve cash from year to year to
finance projects and therefore pay very conservative
dividends
22 - 62

Dividends and Signalling

Under conditions of information asymmetry, shareholders and
the investing public watch for management signals (actions)
about what management knows.
Management is therefore very cautious about dividend
changesthey dont want to create high expectations (this is the
reason for extra or special dividends) that will lead to
disappointment, and they dont want to have investors over react
to negative earnings surprises (the sticky dividend phenomenon)
(The Signalling Model is explained in Figure 22 6 found on the next slide.)
22 - 63

The Signalling Model
22 - 6 FIGURE
et
et*
dt*
dt
Time
22 - 64

Agency Theory
Investors are wary of senior management so they seek to put
controls in place.
There is a fear that managers may waste corporate resources by
over-investing in low or poor NPV projects.
Gordon Donaldson argued this is the reason for the pecking
order managements tend to use when raising capital
Shareholders would prefer to receive a dividend and then have
management file a prospectus, justifying investment in projects and
the need to raise the capital that was just distributed as a dividend.
Shareholders are prepared to pay those additional underwriting
costs as an agency cost incurred to monitor and assess
management.
22 - 65

Taxes and the Clientele Effect

Table 22 -3 (on the following slide) illustrates that different
classes of investors face different tax brackets
Preference for dividends versus capital gains income depends
on the province of residence and taxable income level leading to
tax clienteles.
High income earners tend to prefer capital gains (there is an
additional tax incentive for such individuals in that they can choose
the timing of the sale of their investmentremember only realized
capital gains are subject to tax
Low income earners tend to prefer dividends
Conclusion firms should not change dividend policy drastically

since it upsets the existing ownership base.
22 - 66

Taxes
22 - 67

Repackaging Dividend-Paying Securities
Tax clienteles help to explain the financial

engineering whereby different parts of the
return by the firm are stripped, repackaged
and sold to different investors as illustrated in
Figure 22 7. (See the following slide)
Split shares are shares sold as the dividends
and capital gains parts.
22 - 68

MYWs B Corporation Shares
22 - 7 FIGURE
dt
P0
t
(1 k ) 6
t 1 (1 k )
P0
$454 million
MYW
$143 million
$330 million
dt
min($30, P6 1)
Pref
(1 k ) 6
t 1 (1 k ) t
6
P6 min($30, P6 1)
IR
(1 k ) 6
22 - 69
Share Repurchases
Simply another form of payout policy.
An alternative to cash dividend where the
objective is to increase the price per share
rather than paying a dividend.
Since there are rules against improper
accumulation of funds, firms adopt a policy of
large infrequent share repurchase programs.
22 - 70
Share Repurchases
Dividend Policy
Share Repurchases
allowed under the OBCA and CBCA
reasons for use:
Offsetting the exercise of executive stock options

Leveraged recapitalizations
Information or signalling effects
Repurchase dissident shares
Removing cash without generating expectations for future
distributions
Take the firm private.
22 - 72
Disadvantages of Share Repurchases
they are usually done on an irregular basis, so a

shareholder cannot depend on income from this source.
if regular repurchases are made, there is a good chance
that Revenue Canada will rule that the repurchases were
simply a tax avoidance scheme (to avoid tax on dividends)
and will assess tax
there may be some agency problems - if managers have
inside information, they are purchasing from shareholders
at a price less than the intrinsic value of the shares.
22 - 73
Methods of Share Repurchases
tender offer:
open market purchase:
this is a formal offer to purchase a given number of shares at a

given price over current market price.
the purchase of shares through an investment dealer like any
other investor
this is not designed for large block purchases.
private negotiation with major shareholders

In any repurchase program, the securities commission
requires disclosure of the event as well as all other
material information through a prospectus.
22 - 74
Repurchased Shares
called treasury stock (U.S.)

non-voting (U.S.)
may not receive dividends (U.S.)
if not retired, can be resold (U.S.)
unlike the U.S., repurchases in Canada do not
involve shares that can be placed into
treasury stock - they are canceled
22 - 75
Repurchase Example
Current EPS
= [total earnings] / [# of shares] = $4.4 m / 1.1 m =
$4.00
Current P/E ratio
= $20 / $4 = 5X
EPS after repurchase of 100,000 shares
= $4.4 m / 1.0 = $4.40
Expected market price after repurchase:
= [p/e][EPSnew] = [5][$4.40] = $22.00 per share
22 - 76
Effects of A Share Repurchase

EPS should increase following the repurchase
if earnings after-tax remains the same
a higher market price per outstanding share
of common stock should result
stockholders not selling their shares back to
the firm will enjoy a capital gain if the
repurchase increases the stock price.
22 - 77
Advantages of Share Repurchases
signal positive information about the firms future cash

flows
used to effect a large-scale change in the firms capital
structure
increase investors return without creating an
expectation of higher future cash dividends
reduce future cash dividend requirements or increase
cash dividends per share on the remaining shares,
without creating a continuing incremental cash drain
capital gains treated more favourably than cash
dividends for tax purposes.
22 - 78
Disadvantages of Share Repurchases

signal negative information about the firms
future growth and investment opportunities
the provincial securities commission may
raise questions about the intention
share repurchase may not qualify the investor
for a capital gain
22 - 79
Borrowing to Pay Dividends

Signalling

Is this legal? is it possible to do?
Yes
the firm must have the ability and capacity to borrow

the firm must have sufficient retained earnings to allow it
to pay the dividend
the firm must have sufficient cash on hand to pay the
cash dividend
the firm must NOT have agreed to any limitations on the
payment of dividends under the bond indenture.
Why?
A possible answer is to signal to the market that the

board is confident about the firms ability to sustain cash
dividends into the future.
22 - 81

An Example
Before Borrowing:
Assets:
Cash
Fixed Assets
Total Assets
Liabilities:
10
140
$150
0% Debt
Long-term Debt
0
Common Stock
50
Retained Earnings 100
Total Claims
$150
After Borrowingbefore cash dividend:

Assets:
Cash
Fixed Assets
Total Assets
25% Debt
Liabilities:
60
140
$200
Long-term Debt
50
Common Stock
50
Retained Earnings 100
Total Claims
$200
22 - 82

An Example
After Dividend Declarationbefore date of payment.

Assets:
Cash
Fixed Assets
Total Assets
Liabilities:
60
140
$200
Current liabilities
Long-term Debt
Common Shares
Retained earnings
Total Claims
50
50
50
50
$200
After Cash Dividend payment of $50

Assets:
Cash
Fixed Assets
Total Assets
33% Debt
Liabilities:
10
140
$150
Long-term Debt
Common Stock
Retained earnings
Claims
CHAPTER 22 Total
Dividend
Policy
50% Debt
50
50
50
$150
22 - 83

An Example
The foregoing example illustrates:
it is possible for a firm with borrowing capacity to borrow funds to

pay cash dividends.
this is not possible if the lenders insist on restrictive covenants that
limit or prevent this from occurring.
the cash for the dividend must be present in the cash account.
payment of dividends reduces both the cash account on the asset
side of the balance sheet as well as the retained earnings account
on the claims side of the balance sheet.
in the absence of restrictions, it is possible to transfer wealth from
the bondholders to the stockholders. (Bondholders in this example
may have thought their firm would have only a 25% debt ratio.after the
dividend the debt ratio rose to 33% and the equity cusion dropped from
75% to 66%.)
22 - 84
Summary and Conclusions

In this chapter you have learned:
About the different types of dividends including, regular and
special cash dividends, stock dividends, stock splits as well as
share repurchases.
M&Ms dividend irrelevance argument and the real world factors
such as transactions costs, taxes, clientele effects and
signalling tend to favour real-world dividend relevance
Tax motives and other reasons explain why firms might want to
repurchase their shares.
22 - 85

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INTRODUCTION TO

CHAPTER 22 Dividend Policy

Important Chapter Terms

Free cash flow

CHAPTER 22 Dividend Policy

What is Dividend Policy?

Dividend Policy refers to the explicit or

CHAPTER 22 Dividend Policy

If a firm is dissolved, at the end of the process, a final

CHAPTER 22 Dividend Policy

Dividends and Corporate Financing

Dividends a Financing Decision

CHAPTER 22 Dividend Policy

Dividends versus Interest Obligations

The Mechanics of Dividend Payments

CHAPTER 22 Dividend Policy

Dividend Declaration Time Line

The Board Meets

Ex Dividend Date is determined

Trade Settlement and the Ex Dividend

The date is not chosen by the board of directors, rather it is determined as

CHAPTER 22 Dividend Policy

Dividend Decision and the Board of

There is no legal obligation for firms to pay dividends to

Involve shareholders deciding to use the cash

Firms are able to raise additional common stock

CHAPTER 22 Dividend Policy

Stock dividends simply amount to distribution of

reduction in the R/E account

Effect on the Company

proportion of ownership remains unchanged

CHAPTER 22 Dividend Policy

CHAPTER 22 Dividend Policy

Although there is no theoretical proof, there is some

Reasons for use:

A 2 for 1 Stock Split:

The firms equity accounts:

New Share Price = P0[1/(4/3)] = $150[1/(4/3)] = $150[.75] = $112.50

The firms equity accounts:

A 3 for 4 Reverse Stock Split:

New Share Price = P0[1/(3/4)] = $150[1/(3/4)] = $150[1.33] = $200.00

The firms equity accounts:

shareholders wealth should remain unaffected:

the above will hold true if there is no psychological

Stock Dividends versus Stock Splits

lowers stock price slightly

large drop in stock price

odd lots rare

CHAPTER 22 Dividend Policy

Cash Dividend Payments

(See Figure 22 - 1 on the following slide)

CHAPTER 22 Dividend Policy

Cash Dividend Payments

CHAPTER 22 Dividend Policy

Cash Dividend Payments

(See Figure 22 - 2 on the following slide)

Cash Dividend Payments

CHAPTER 22 Dividend Policy

Cash Dividend Payments

Why are dividends smoothed and not

CHAPTER 22 Dividend Policy

Cash Dividend Payments

Table 22 -1 contains dividend yields for