Application of Steady-State

Heat Transfer

Steady-state heat transfer

Temperature in a system remains constant
with time.
Temperature varies with location.

Conductive heat transfer in a

rectangular slab
dT
q x kA dx
x qx

x
q

T1

dx kdT

T2

A
T1
x
T
X
dx k dT

A x1
T1
1

T
q x kA x

T1 > T2

Example
For the stainless steel plate 1 cm thick is
maintained at 110C, while the other face is at
90 C. Calculate temperature at 0.5 cm from the
110C-temperature face.
Given :
heat flux = 34,000 W/m2
thermal conductivity of stainless steel = 17 W/m C

Conductive Heat Transfer

through a Tubular Pipe
Consider a long hollow cylinder

To

ro dr
ri

Ti

A( r ) 2rl

Conductive Heat Transfer

through a Tubular Pipe
Consider a long hollow cylinder

Example
A 2 cm thick steel pipe (k= 43
W/mC) with 6 cm inside
diameter is being used to convey
steam from a boiler to process
equipment for a distance of 40 m.
The inside pipe surface
temperature is 115C, and the
outside pipe surface temperature
is 90C. Under steady state
conditions, calculate total heat
loss to the surrounding.

Heat conduction
in multilayered systems

Composite rectangular wall

(in series)
q

x1 x2 x3
k1 k2 k3
T1 T2 T3
R1

R2

R3

= composite thermal resistance

Composite rectangular wall

(in parallel)
q = A T k / x
= A T / (x/k)

T1 + T2 + T3

q
= T

R = Resistance = x/k = 1/C

1/RT = 1/R1+1/ R2+1/ R3
= (1/(x1 / k 1))+
(1/(x2 / k 2))+ (1/(x3 / k 3))

x1
k1
x2 Tk12
x3 Tk23
T3
R1
R2
R3

and it is resistance which is additive when

several conducting layers lie between the hot
and cool regions, because A and Q are the
same for all layers. In a multilayer partition,
the total conductance is related to the
conductance of its layers by:

So, when dealing with a multilayer partition,

the following formula is usually used:

Example
A cold storage wall (3m X 6m) is constructed of a 15 cm
thick concrete (k = 1.37 W/mC). Insulation must be
provided to maintain a heat transfer rate through the wall
at or below 500 W. If k of insulation is 0.04 W/mC. The
outside surface temperature of the wall is 38C and the
inside wall temperature is 5C.

Example
How many joules of thermal energy
flow through the wall per second?
------------------------------------------Heat is like a fluid: whatever flows
through the insulation must also flo
w through the wood.


Across wood:
Hwood = (0.80)(40)(T - 4)/0.019
= 1684.2 T - 6736.8
Heat is like a fluid: whatever fl
ows through the
insulation must also flow through
the wood:

k (insulation) = 0.20 J/(s-m-C)

k (wood)
= 0.80 J/(s-m-C)

Hwood = Hins
1684.2 T - 6736.8 = 2631.6 -1
05.3 T
1789.5 T = 9368.4

T = 5.235 C
H=Hwood=Hins

Series and parallel one-dimensional heat

transfer through a composite wall and
electrical analog
B

E
G

D
1

RA

RB

RC
RD

RE

RF
RG

Composite cylindrical tube

(in series)

r1

r3
r2

Example
A stainless steel pipe (k= 17
W/mC) is being used to convey
heated oil. The inside surface
temperature is 130C. The pipe is
2 cm thick with an inside
diameter of 8 cm. The pipe is
insulated with 0.04 m thick
insulation (k= 0.035 W/mC). The
outer insulation temperature is
25C. Calculate the temperature
of interface between steel and
isulation. Assume steady-state
conditions.

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY
CHANGE WITH TEMPERATURE
Heat transfer through a slab

k = k0(1+T)

dT
q x kA
dx
qx

km A

(T T2 )

X
T T
km is thermal conductivity at T =
1

k0 A
2
2
q
((T2 T1 ) (T2 T1 ))
x
2

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY
CHANGE WITH TEMPERATURE
Heat transfer through a cylindrical tube

kAdT
qr
dr

dT
qr (k 0(1 T ))(2rL)
dr
dr
qr
2k0 L(1 T )dT
r

2k 0 L
qr
(1 (Ti T0 )(Ti T0 ))
ln ro / ri

Problem
1. Find the heat transfer per unit area through the composite wall. Assume
one-dimensional heat flow.

Given:
kA = 150 W/mC
kB = 30 W/mC
kC = 50 W/mC

kD = 70 W/mC

AA = AC = 0.1 m2
C

AB = AD
T = 370C

T = 66C
2.5
cm

7.5
cm

5.0
cm

Problem
2. One side of a copper block 5 cm thick is maintained at
260C. The other side is covered with a layer of fiber
glass 2.5 cm thick. The outside of the fiber glass is
maintained at 38C, and the total heat flow through the
copper-fiber-glass combination is 44 kW. What is the
area of the slab?
3. A wall is constructed of 2.0 cm of copper, 3.0 mm of
asbestos, and 6.0 cm of fiber glass. Calculate the heat
flow per unit area for an overall temperature difference of
500C.

Problem
4. A certain material has a thickness of 30 cm and a
thermal conductivity of 0.04 W/mC. At a particular
instant in time the temperature distribution with x, the
distance from the left face, is T = 150x2 - 30x, where x is
in meters. Calculate the heat flow rates at x = 0 and x =
30 cm. Is the solid heating up or cooling down?
5. A certain material 2.5 cm thick, with a cross-sectional
area of 0.1 m2, has one side maintained at 35C and the
other at 95C. The temperature at the center plane of the
material is 62C, and the heat flow through the material
is 1 kW. Obtain an expression for the thermal
conductivity of the material as a function of temperature.