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Application ITs

Why Instrument
Transformers?

Instrument Transformers in general

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Application and selection parameters

Example of an 132/20 kV S/S

Two line bays

Single busbar

132 kV

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Two transformer bays

132/20 kV

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Protection system - General purpose

Detect all electrical faults and some

abnormal operating conditions.

Protect human beings and properties

around the power network.

Protect apparatus, power lines etc

from unnecessary damage.

Disconnect minimum possible part of

the power network.

Restore normal operation

Protection system
Fault
analysing
equipment

Protection

Instrument
Transformers

relays
Station
building

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Communication
Equipment

Power
System
Circuit
breaker

Different types of protections

Two line bays
Earth fault

Single busbar

132 kV

Bus bar fault

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Two transformer bays

132/20 kV

Protection - Lines
Earth fault

Lightning

132 kV

The transmission lines are

the least protected parts of
the system from
environmental influences.

REL 511
Line protection
C
E

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Among the most important

protection system in the
power system.

Line fault clearing is subject to authority

regulations due to the risk for damage to
general public and equipment not
belonging to the power system.

Protection - Lines

Z = U/I

Z<

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132 kV

Z<

132 kV

Over current protection

Overload

132 kV
REL 511
Line protection
C

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Busbar protection

I1

Kirchhoffs law 1
I1 + I 2 + I 3 + I 4 = 0

I2

Single busbar

132 kV
To actual Circuit Breaker

I3

RAD 55
Busbar
protection
C

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132/20 kV

I4

Busbar fault

Transformer protection

C
E

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Example of transformer protection

Pressure guard
Overload
Over-current
Ground fault
Differential

RADSB
Transformer
differential
protection

Signal from MV
current
transformer

Voltage transformer on busbar

Often measurement in one phase

Synchronizing

Over voltage protection

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C
E

Ex. No load line

Under voltage protection

Synchronizing
relay

Phase position

Ex. Overloaded line

Voltage indication

Metering

Wactive = U . I. cos kWh

Energy Meters
kWh
kVAr

Numerical
Energy calculation
VT

kWh
kVAr

CT

Tomorrow
Today

Electronic
Analogue Integrator
Yesterday

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kWh
kVAr

Mechanical
Integrator

METER
Rb
A/D conversion
Computer

Energy output

Ancient

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Why Instrument Transformers?

Transform high currents and voltages

to levels suitable for instruments and
relays.
Standardised secondary currents and
voltages
Ex 1 or 5 A, 100 or 110 V

Insulate secondary circuits from

primary net.

The instrument transformer must, at

every moment be able to correctly
sense and transmit the currents and
voltages of the network!
The relays are deaf and blind!

Instrument Transformers

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Important parameters when selecting instrument transformers

Project and customer

Standard / Customer
specification

Insulation data

Thermal data

Core / windings data

Important parameters when selecting ITs

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Insulation data

Highest voltage for equipment (Um)

(Ex 145 kV)

Rated system voltage (Ex 132 kV)

Test voltages
Lightning impulse 1.2/50 s (Simulating lightning, Ex 650 kV)
Power frequency dry/wet
(Ex 275 kV)
Switching surge 250/2500 s
(For Um > 300 kV, wet. Replace power
frequency test)

Creepage distance
(Based up on Um)
Pollution, Salt spray ?
(We have often as standard >25 mm/kV)

Altitude above sea level

Over/under 1000 m
(Capacitance for CVTs)

Problem with high altitudes ? >1000m a.s.l.

Outer insulation dielectric strength is

reduced due to:

Inner insulation is not affected due to:

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lower air pressure

lower density of air
we must dimension for outer flashover
distance, i.e. longer porcelain.

internal pressure is constant

High altitudes >1000m a.s.l.

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Technical data required for quoting and ordering

Normal system and test voltages according to

IEC standard when 1000m a.s.l.

Actual altitude above sea level.

We take care of the rest!

Important parameters when selecting current transformers

Thermal data

Rated currents
Primary/secondary
Primary/secondary reconnection

Rated continuous thermal current (Rf)

Short time current, Ith

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(Ex 25 kA/1sek)

Dynamic current, Idyn

1.0 , 1.2 , 1.5 , ......... (IEC)

(2.5 x Ith)

Ambient temperature

To high temp. destroy insulation material

Important parameters when selecting current transformers

Core data

Primary/secondary reconnection

Number of cores

Metering / Protection

Burden / class Examples

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20 VA cl 0.2, FS 5
30 VA cl 5P20
FS and ALF are valid at rated burdens
(Class X)
Ekn V

Rct Ohm

I0 mA

Important parameters when selecting voltage transformers

Thermal data

Rated voltages
Primary/secondary

(Ex: 132 000/V3:110/V3:110/3 V)

Voltage factor (Vf)

Type

of system earthing
Effectively earthed - 1.5/30 sec
Not effectively earthed - 1.9/30 sec (8h)

Thermal limit output

not be > Vf 2 x Sn
(Sn = Total rated burden)

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Can

Ambient temperature

Voltage Transformer windings

da

da

Open delta winding for earth fault

detection

dn

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Y-windings for metering

(and protection purpose)

da

dn

Metering

dn

Open delta

Important parameters when selecting voltage transformers

Winding data

Number of secondary windings

Metering / protection / earth fault

Burden / class
30 VA cl 0.2
A rated burden around 1.3-1.5 times the
connected burden, will give maximum
accuracy at connected burden.
100 VA cl 3P

Simultaneous burden
Metering and protection windings are seen as
continuously loaded.
Earth fault winding is seen as loaded only at faults.

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Modern Relays and Energy meters

Consumes very little power.

Typical < 5 VA
All consumption in cables
A/D conversion in relay

Secondary currents from earlier 5 A

towards 1 A.
kWh

Standard burden cos 0.8

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(Reality cos 1.0)

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