Concepts of

Information Technology

BIS 23 B
IT Concept and System Analysis
and Design Development

Why Study IT?

Make better use of the tools

Self-help when there a problems
Reduce dependency on computer professionals
Conceptual challenge
Stepping stone to more advanced stages of
information processing, e.g. programming

General Concepts

DATA
Are raw materials to be processed to produce
information. It is a facts or an item considered as
the root of information

TYPES OF DATA
ALPHANUMERIC DATA
NUMERIC DATA

ALPHANUMERIC DATA
Can be used only as text for identification or
labeling purposes and cannot be used in a
formula.
It consists of alphabetic characters LETTERS (A
through Z), NUMERALS (0 through 9) and some
especial symbols (such as # and $).

NUMERIC DATA
Can be quantified and represented by the set of
numeric digits. It is used in computation.

INFORMATION
Is a collected and processed into a meaningful
form. It is the result of manipulation of data and
can be used again as data to provide another
information.

INFORMATION
is data processed for some purpose
Information can only be considered to be 'real'
Info if it meets certain criteria i.e. :

INFORMATION
1. it must be communicated to the recipient
2.it must be in a language that is understood
3.it must be in a suitable form
4.it must be relevant for achieving some purpose

TECHNOLOGY
Is the knowledge and methods used to create a
product or an activities that are directed towards
the satisfaction of human needs that produce
alterations in the material world.

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Is the merging of computing and high-speed
communication links carrying data, sound and
video.
technology involving the design, development,
maintenance, and use of computer systems,
software, and networks for the processing and
distribution of data.

INFORMATION SCIENCE
Is the study of how people create, use and
communicate information in all forms.
Dealing with the efficient collection, storage,
and retrieval of information

COMPUTER SCIENCE
The study of computers and computing, including
computer hardware, software, programming,
networking, database systems, information
technology, interactive systems, and security.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN IT & CS

"Computer Science" is the mixture and
application of Applied Mathematics, Electrical
Engineering, and Complexity Theory/Algorithms
to understand and/or model information. In other
words,
the
"field
of
computation".

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN IT & CS

"Information Technology" is the mixture and
application
of
"Programming",
"Hardware
Administration",
"Software
Administration",
"Networking", "Network Security" and "Technical
Support". In otherwords, the "management of
computers".

SYSTEM
Is a collection of related components
established to work together to accomplish a
common objective through the input, process
and output approach.

What is a Computer?

General-purpose
Programmable
Calculates
Stores results

A computer is a general-purpose, programmable device

that is capable of calculating and storing results

What is a Computer?

Input

Processing

Output

Hardware/Software Information Technology

Understand the Basic Concepts of Hardware and

Software
Hardware
The term hardware refers to the
physical parts of a computer such as
the system unit, mouse, keyboard,
monitor etc

Software
The software is the set of instructions
that make the computer behave in a
given way
Software is held either on your
computers hard disk, CD-ROM, DVD
or on a diskette (floppy disk) and is
loaded (i.e. copied) from the disk into
the computers RAM (Random Access
Memory), as and when required

Types of Computer

Distinguish Between Main-frame Computer,

Network Computer, PC, Laptop and
Personal Digital Assistant (PDA)
Make sure you understand
the following terms:

Mainframe computer
Personal computer
Laptop computer
Personal Digital Assistant
(PDA)

Distinguish Between Computers in Terms

of Capacity, Speed, Cost, and Typical Users.
Mainframe Computers
Very powerful, used by large
organisations such an banks to
control the entire business
operation. Very expensive!

Personal Computers
Cheap and easy to use. Often
used as stand-alone computers or
in a network. May be connected
to large mainframe computers
within big companies

Distinguish Between Computers in Terms

of Capacity, Speed, Cost, and Typical Users.

Laptop Computer
is a battery- personal computer
generally smaller than a briefcase that
can easily be transported and
conveniently used in temporary
spaces such as on airplanes, in
libraries, temporary offices and at
meetings

Distinguish Between Computers in Terms

of Capacity, Speed, Cost, and Typical Users.
Personal Digital Assistant (PDA)
is a small mobile hand-held device that
provides computing and information
storage and retrieval for personal or
business use
Most PDAs have a small keyboard
Some PDAs have an electronically
sensitive pad on which handwriting can
be received
Typical uses include schedule and
address book storage and retrieval and
note-entering

Main Parts of a Personal Computer

Know the Main Parts of a Personal Computer:

The Central Processing Unit (CPU)
The CPU and it is one of the
most important components
within your computer
It determines how fast your
computer will run and is
measured by its GHz or MHz
speed
It is the CPU that performs
all the calculations within
the computer

Know the Main Parts of a Personal Computer:

The Hard Disk
Hard disks are the main, large
data storage area within your
computer
They are used to store your
operating
system,
your
application programs (i.e. your
word processor, games etc) and
your data
They are much faster than CDROMs and floppy disks and can
also hold much more data

Know the Main Parts of a Personal Computer:

Common Input/output Devices

Input devices

Keyboard
Mouse
Scanner
Digital camera

Output Devices
Monitor (VDU)
Printer
Speakers

Know the Main Parts of a Personal Computer:

Types of Memory

RAM
The RAM (Random Access Memory) is
where the operating system is loaded and
also where your applications are copied to
when you load an application, such as a
word processor or database program.
ROM
The ROM (Read Only Memory - Basic Input
Output System) chip is a special chip held
on your computer's system (mother) board.
It contains software that is required to make
your computer work with your operating
system

Know the Main Parts of a Personal Computer:

Understand the Term Peripheral Device
A peripheral device is any
device that you can attach
to your computer
You can attach a scanner,
printer,
data
projector,
speakers etc. to your system
unit

Hardware
Refers to the physical equipment or
component of electronic data processing
system.

Central Processing Unit

Understand the Term Central Processing Unit

(CPU) and Know What the CPU Does
The CPU is the brains within your
computer
It is responsible for logic control and carries
out most of the calculations within the
computer
It ensures the smooth running of the operating
system (e.g. Windows) as well as applications,
such as word-processors, spreadsheets and
databases
The CPU speed largely determines the speed
of the computer and is measured in megahertz
(MHz) or gigahertz (GHz)

Memory

Understand Different Types of Computer Memory

RAM - Random Access Memory

The main 'working' memory used
by the computer
When the operating system loads
from disk when you first switch on
the computer, it is copied into RAM
As a rough rule, a Microsoft
Windows based computer will
operate faster if you install more
RAM. Data and programs stored in
RAM
are
volatile
(i.e.
the
information is lost when you switch
off the computer)

Understand Different Types of Computer Memory

ROM Read Only Memory

Read Only Memory (ROM) as the
name suggests is a special type
of memory chip that holds
software that can be read but not
written to .

Know How Computer Memory Is Measured

Bit
All computers work on a binary numbering
system, i.e. they process data in ones or zeros.
This 1 or 0 level of storage is called a bit
Byte
A byte consists of eight bits

Know How Computer Memory Is Measured

Byte
A byte consists of eight bits
Kilobyte
A kilobyte (KB) consists of 1024 bytes
Megabyte
A megabyte (MB) consists of 1024 kilobytes
Gigabyte
A gigabyte (GB) consists of 1024 megabytes
Terabyte
A terabyte (TB) consists of 1024 gigabytes

Relate computer memory measurements

to characters, files and directories/folders
File size
Each byte represents a different character such as letters of
the alphabet, numbers, punctuation marks and blank space
A document such as a letter containing 250 of the above
characters would have a file size of 250 bytes
A
floppy
disk
of
capacity
1.4MB
could
hold
1 400 000 characters say, 200 000 words a whole book!
The size of a directory (or folder ) would be found by adding
up the sizes of the files contained within it
Sizes of files and folders are easily found in Windows by using
a right mouse click on the icon and examining Properties

Input Devices

Device which enables all users to input

data into a computer.

Devices for Inputting Data

The Mouse

The mouse is used to open and

close files, navigate web sites, and
click on a lot of commands (to tell
the computer what to do) when
using different applications.

The Keyboard

The
keyboard
is
still
the
commonest
way
of
entering
information into a computer

Trackball

an alternative to the traditional

mouse and often used by graphic
designers

Devices for Inputting Data

Scanner
A scanner allows you to scan printed
material and convert it into a file
format that may be used within the PC

Touchpad
A device that lays on the desktop and
responds to pressure

Light Pen
Used to allow users to point to areas
on a screen

Joystick
Many games require a joystick for the
proper playing of the game

Devices for Inputting Data

Digital camera
This produces a digital
picture file that can be
printed, sent via e-mail or
posted to a web page
A webcam enables moving
images to be viewed in real
time via the internet

Microphone
A device that allows sound
signals to be converted into
digital files that may be
stored on the computer
It enables voice-recognition
software to be used
It also allows telephony via
the internet

Output Devices

Any piece of computer

hardware equipment used to communicate
the results of data processing carried out
by a computer to the outside world.

Common Output Devices

Monitor (VDU)

The computer screen is used for

outputting information in an
understandable format for humans
TYPES OF MONITOR
Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)
Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)

Printers

There are many different types of

printers
In
large
organizations
laser
printers are most commonly used
due to the fact that they can print
very fast and give a very high
quality output

Common Output Devices

Plotters
A plotter is an output device
similar to a printer, but
normally allows you to print
larger images

Speakers
Enhances
the
value
of
educational and presentation
products

Speech synthesisers
Gives you the ability to not
only to display text on a
monitor but also to read the
text to you

Input/Output Devices

Touchscreens
These are both input and output devices
Contact with the screen by means of a
digit provides the input by making a
selection
The result is then displayed on the
screen in the form of information or
gives a menu from which further choices
may be made

Storage Devices

A storage device is a device for storing

processed information (data).

Compare Memory Storage Devices

Hard Disk
Speed:
Very fast!
The speed of a hard disk is often quoted as "average access time"
speed, measured in milliseconds. The smaller this number the faster
the disk.

Capacity:
Enormous! Often in excess of 80 Gigabytes. A Gigabyte is equivalent
to 1024 Megabytes.

Cost:
Hard disks costs are falling rapidly and normally represent the
cheapest way of storing data.

Compare Memory Storage Devices

Diskette (Floppy Disk)

Speed:
Very slow!

Capacity:
Normally 1.44 Mbytes

Cost:
Very cheap

Compare Memory Storage Devices

CD-ROM

Speed:
Much slower than hard disks.
The
original
CD-ROM
specification is now given a
value of 1x speed, and later,
faster CD-ROMs are quoted
as a multiple of this value

Capacity:
Around 650 Mbytes

Cost:
Below 50p each

CD-R disks can be written to only once

CD-RW disks can be written to more than once

Compare Memory Storage Devices

DVD Drives

Speed:
Much faster than CD-ROM drives but not as fast as hard disks

Capacity:
Up to 17 GB

Cost:
Slightly higher than CD-ROM drives

Understand the Purpose of Formatting a Disk

When Windows formats a diskette it:

Erases all previous data

Sets up a system for recording
Checks the disk for physical and magnetic errors
Makes the disk compatible with any computer
running Windows

Software
Generic name of all programs
Made up of code interpreted by the hardware
Written in programming languages

Types of Software

System
Application

Distinguish between
Operating Systems Software & Applications Software
Operating systems software
The operating system is a special type of program that loads
automatically when you start your computer
The operating system allows you to use the advanced features
of a modern computer without having to learn all the details of
how the hardware works

Applications software
An application program is the type of program that you use
once the operating system has been loaded
Examples include word-processing programs, spreadsheets
and databases

Describe the Main Functions

of an Operating System

Run fundamental operations

Loading and running programs
Saving and retrieving data
Communicating with printers, modems, etc.

The link between the hardware and you, the user

Makes the computer easy to use without having
to understand bits and bytes!

Name Some Common Operating Systems

Windows 95
Windows 98
Windows 7
Windows XP
Linux
Unix

Applications Software

Is computer software designed to help the

user to perform specific tasks.

List Some Common Software Applications

Together With Their Uses.
Word processing applications
Microsoft Word
Lotus Word Pro
WordPerfect

Spreadsheets
Microsoft Excel
Lotus 123

Database
Microsoft Access
Lotus Approach

List Some Common Software Applications

Together With Their Uses.
Payroll
Sage software

Presentation tools
Microsoft PowerPoint
Lotus Freelance

Desktop publishing
Microsoft Publisher
Abode Photoshop

Multimedia applications
Microsoft's Encarta CD-ROM based encyclopaedias

Peopleware
Represents the personnel involved in
systems analysis, programming, computer
operations and system maintenance.

List of Peopleware and their Function

SYSTEM ANALYST
-a person who analyzes and designs a system
PROGRAMMER
-a person who designs, writes and tests
computer programs
OPERATOR
-the one who operates or use the computer

List of Peopleware and their Function

END USER
-An entity that needs the appropriate and reliable
final information
COMPUTER ENGINEER
-Designs the components to be used (especially
the hardware)
COMPUTER TECHNICIAN
-Trouble shooter. A person who in system
maintenance

Systems Development

This is a general term used to describe the

way new software is specified, written by
programmers, tested and then delivered to
the user.

Understand How Computer-based

Systems Are Developed

Analysis
Design
Programming
Testing

Information Networks
A system that uses communications
equipment to connect computers and their
resources.

LAN, MAN and WAN

Understand the Terms Local Area Networks (LAN),

Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
and Wide Area Networks (WAN)
LAN
A LAN (Local Area Network) is a system whereby individual
PCs are connected together within a company or organization
A LAN connects network devices over a relatively short
distance. A networked office building, school, or home usually
contains a single LAN, though sometimes one building will
contain a few small LANs (perhaps one per room), and
occasionally a LAN will span a group of nearby buildings.

Understand the Terms Local Area Networks (LAN),

Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
and Wide Area Networks (WAN)

MAN
connect computers between buildings in the same geographic
area
It is a type of network that covers an area larger than a LAN but
smaller than a WAN e.g a city. The best-known example of a MAN
is the cable television network available in many cities.

WAN
A WAN (Wide Area Network) as the name implies allows you to
connect to other computers over a wider area (i.e. the whole
world) The Internet is the largest WAN covering the Earth.

Understand the Term Client/Server

A server is a computer program that provides
services to other computer programs in the same
or other computers
A client is the requesting program or user in a
client/server relationship

List Some of the Advantages Associated

with Group Working
Enables hardware such as a single printer, scanner or
modem to be shared
File-sharing can allow access to files stored on other
peoples computers. Information needed by all users is
normally stored on a single, powerful computer called a
file server
E-mail messages can be exchanged with the network
Data Exchange enables users to collaborate on projects.

Understand What an INTRANET Is

An intranet is a private network that is contained within an
enterprise
The main purpose of an intranet is to share company
information and computing resources among employees
When part of an intranet is made accessible to others
outside the company, that part becomes part of an extranet

Understand What an Extranet Is

An extranet is a private network that uses the Internet
protocol and the public telecommunication system to
securely share part of a business's information or
operations with suppliers, partners, customers, or other
businesses
An extranet can be viewed as part of a company's intranet
that is extended to users outside the company
An extranet requires security and privacy.
Share news of common interest exclusively with partner
companies

Understand What the INTERNET Is

The Internet is a global network of interconnected networks
The unique thing about the Internet is the sheer amount of
information that you can access from it
Whatever your interest you can search for and find
information on the most obscure topics

Understand what the Internet is used for

Used by governments, universities, companies,
retailers, voluntary organisations and private
individuals
Any used can send a message to any other user
and can access files on other computers
The Internet can be used for research, news,
entertainment, education, information, sports,
current affairs, shopping and art

Understand what the World Wide Web (WWW) is

The term World Wide Web is used to describe
documents made available over the Internet in
HTML format
Documents can be linked together and users can
follow these hyperlinks from document to
document

Understand what the World Wide Web (WWW) is

Pages are displayed using an Internet browser
To search the Internet you use what are called
Internet search engines
Search engine popularly refers to a Web site that
provides a variety of tools to help you find
information
Within the search engine you enter a word or
phrase and it will retrieve documents from the
Internet based on the information you typed in

Understand what the World Wide Web (WWW) is

Web is a collection of files organized as a giant
hypertext
Hypertext
(data storage system: a system of storing images, text, and other
computer files that allows direct links to related text, images, sound,
and other data)

A computer with a domain name is referred to as a

site
yahoo.com
Web site - location in a computer somewhere on the
Internet
http://www.yahoo.com

The Use of ICT in Everyday Life

Identify situations where a computer might be more

appropriate than a person

Repetitive tasks
Easily automated tasks
Mathematical calculations
Dangerous situations

Know Some Of The Uses Of Large-scale Computer

Applications In Business

Business administration
Airline booking systems
Insurance claims processing
Online banking

Know Some Of The Uses Of Large-scale Computer

Applications In Government
Public records systems
Census
Vehicle registration

Revenue collection
Electronic voting

Know Some Of The Uses Of Large-scale Computer

Applications In Hospitals/Healthcare

Patients records
Ambulance control systems
Diagnostic controls and instruments
Specialist surgical equipment

Know Some Of The Uses Of Large-scale Computer

Applications In Education

Student registration
Timetabling systems
Computer-based training (CBT)
Distance learning
Homework using the Internet

Understand the Term Teleworking

The use of telecommunication to work outside
the traditional office or workplace, usually at
home or in a mobile situation
New forms of telecommunication such as voice
and picture communication and groupware are
likely to make telecommuting more social in the
future

Understand the Term Teleworking

Groupware refers to programs that help people work
together collectively while located remotely from each other
Groupware services can include
sharing of calendars
collective writing
e-mail handling
shared database access
electronic meetings with each person able to see and
display information to others, and other activities.

Understand the Term Teleworking

Advantages

Disadvantages

Reduced or no commuting
time
Greater ability to focus on
one task
Flexible schedules
Reduced company space
requirements

Lack of human contact

Less emphasis on
teamwork
Distractions at home

Electronic World

Understand the term Electronic Mail (E-mail)

E-mail (electronic mail) is the exchange of computer-stored
messages by telecommunication
You can also send non-text files, such as graphic images
and sound files, as attachments
A large percentage of the total traffic over the Internet is email
E-mail can be distributed to lists of people as well as to
individuals

Electronic Mail (E-mail)

If you are sending a traditional letter to many
people, then you have to pay a fixed price for
each person that you are sending the letter to
The great thing about email is that when you have the correct
software you can send to one person or many people for
almost the same price and that price will be a fraction of the
cost of using traditional posted letters.

The other great thing about email is that

transmission of the email is almost instantaneous
Whether the recipient is in the next room or on the other side
of the world

Electronic Mail (E-mail)

Electronic Mail (E-mail)

An e-mail account provides the rights to a storage area or
mailbox
Each mailbox has a unique address
jv.vargas@yahoo.com
An e-mail message is a document that is composed on a
computer and remains in digital form so that it can be
transmitted to another computer
Every message includes a message header and the body of
the message, usually displayed in a form
An e-mail attachment is a file that travels with a message to
the recipient

Electronic Mail (E-mail)

To send and receive email
you require a computer,
plus
the
necessary
hardware and software
Internal company emails are
sent and received via your
companys LAN (Local Area
Network)

Computer
Modem or router
Telephone line or cable
E-mail client software e.g.
Outlook Express or web
browser

Understand the term e-Commerce

E-commerce:
Refers to a wide range of online business activities for
products and services.
E-commerce describes the buying and selling of products,
services, and information via computer networks including
the Internet

Understand the term e-Commerce

Advantages

Service is available 24 hours a

day
Opportunity to view a wide range
of
products
and
make
comparisons
Very competitive prices as a result
of low overheads
No need of physical company setups.
Easy to start and manage a
business.
Customers can easily select
products from different providers
without moving around physically.

Disadvantages
Choosing from a virtual, so
cannot physically examine
the goods
There is no human contact
Risk of insecure payment
methods
Time for delivery of physical
products .
Privacy, security, payment,
identity, contract.

Health and Safety,

The Environment

Understand What Elements and Practices

Can Help Create a Good Working Environment

Appropriate positioning of
monitors, keyboards and
adjustable chairs
Use of a mouse mat
Use of a monitor filter
Provision
of
adequate
lighting and ventilation
Frequent breaks away
from the computer

List some common health problems

associated with using a computer
Injuries to wrists caused by prolonged typing
(RSI) Repetitive strain injury
Eye strain caused by screen glare
Back problems associated with poor seating or
bad posture

List some safety precautions when using a computer

Make sure cables are safely secured
Ensure power points are not overloaded
Proper handling of tools and computer
materials/equipment
Keep your work area clean & well
Always be careful!

Computer Viruses

Understand the term virus

when used in computing
A virus is a piece of programming code usually disguised
as something else that causes some unexpected and
usually undesirable event
A virus is often designed so that it is automatically spread
to other computer users
Some viruses wreak their effect as soon as their code is
executed
other viruses lie dormant until circumstances cause their
code to be executed by the computer
Some viruses are playful in intent and effect and some can
be harmful, erasing data or causing your hard disk to
require reformatting

Be aware when and how viruses

can enter a computer system

As a file attached to an e-mail message

Via instant messengers such as Yahoo!, MSN
and Windows Messenger
On an infected diskette
As a download via the internet
By hackers gaining access to your computer via
a communications port

Know about anti-virus measures

Do not open e-mail attachments unless they are from a
trusted source
Install a firewall program such as ZoneAlarm
(free from www.zonelabs.com)
Buy anti-virus software that can screen e-mail attachments
Keep anti-virus software up to date on a weekly basis
Schedule regular virus scans of hard drives
Install all the critical Windows updates from Microsoft
Be aware of hoax e-mail warnings

Know what to do when a virus infects a computer

Viruses should be detected by up to date antivirus software
The software will normally attempt to repair
(or disinfect) the file, delete it or quarantine it
Virus removal tools can be downloaded via the
internet (e.g. from www.symantec.com)

Copyright and the Law

Understand software copyright

Copyright issues apply to:

Computer software
Graphics
Text
Audio
Video
Facts themselves are not
copyrighted, but how they are
presented on a website is

Understand copyright issues

relating to removable media

Copyright applies to files and programs

stored on:

CDs
DVDs
Zip disks
Diskettes

Know how to check the Product ID number

A product ID number needs to be keyed in when
the software is first installed and is to be found
on the CD case/sleeve
For installed software, the product ID number
may be found from:
Help > About [name of program]
For Microsoft products, this is usually a different
number to that used for installation

Understand the terms Shareware, Freeware,

End-user Licence agreement
Shareware is software that is distributed free on a
trial basis with the understanding that the user
may need or want to pay for it later
Some software developers offer a shareware
version of their program with a built-in expiration
date (after 30 days, the user can no longer get
access to the program)

Understand the terms Shareware, Freeware,

End-user Licence agreement
Freeware is software that is offered at no cost
However, it is copyrighted so that you can't
incorporate its programming into anything you
may be developing
The least restrictive "no-cost" programs are
uncopyrighted programs in the public domain
software

Understand the terms Shareware, Freeware,

End-user Licence agreement

An End User Licence Agreement (EULA) is a legal contract

between a software application author or publisher and the user of
that application

The EULA, often referred to as the "software licence," is similar to

a rental agreement; the user agrees to pay for the privilege of
using the software, and promises the software author or publisher
to comply with all restrictions stated in the EULA

The user is asked to indicate they that "accept" the terms of the
EULA by opening the shrink wrap on the application package,
breaking the seal on the CD case, sending a card back to the
software publisher, installing the application, executing a
downloadable file, or by simply using the application

COMPUTER CRIME
is a growing threat to society by the criminal or
irresponsible actions of computer individuals
who are taking advantage of the widespread use
and vulnerability of computers and the Internet
and other networks.

Computer Crime
Hacking is the obsessive use of computers, or the
unauthorized access and use of networked
computer systems.Illegal hackers (also called
crackers) frequently assault the Internet and
other networks to steal or damage data and
programs.

Computer Crime
Hackers can:
Monitor e-mail, Web server access, or file transfers to
extract passwords or steal network files, or to plant
datathat will cause a system to welcome intruders.
Use remote services that allow one computer on a
network to execute programs on another computer
to gainprivileged access within a network.
Use Telnet, an Internet tool for interactive use of
remote computers, to discover information to plan
other attacks.

Computer Crime
Cyber-Theft
Many computer crimes involve the theft of money.
In the majority of cases, they are inside jobs
that involve unauthorized network entry and
fraudulent alternation of computer databases to
cover the tracks of the employeesinvolved

Computer Crime
Software Piracy:
Computer programs are valuable property and
thus are the subject of theft from computer
systems. Unauthorized copying of software or
software piracy is a major form of software theft
because software is intellectual property, which
is protected by copyright law and user licensing
agreements.

Computer Crime
Unauthorized Use at Work:
The unauthorized use of a computer system is
called time and resource theft. A common
example is unauthorized use of company-owned
computer networks by employees. This may
range from doing private consulting or personal
finances, or playing video games to unauthorized
use of the Internet on company networks.

Penalties for Violation

U.S. Computer Fraud and Abuse Act
1 to 5 years in prison for a first offence
10 years for a second offence
20 years for three or more offences
Fines ranging up to $250,000 or twice the value of
stolen data

Penalties for Violation

Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines
1st offense: Imprisonment of 1 year to 3 years
plus a fine ranging from P50,000 to P150,000.
2nd offense: Imprisonment of 3 years and 1 day
to 6 years plus a fine ranging from P150,000 to
P500,000.
3rd offense to subsequent offenses:
Imprisonment of 6 years and 1 day to 9 years
plus a fine ranging from P500,000 to P1.5 million.

Transaction Security and

Data Protection

Transaction Security and Data Protection

Biometric Security
These are security measures provided by computer
devices, which measure physical traits that make
each individual unique.
This includes:
Voice verification
Fingerprints
Retina scanning
Face recognition

Transaction Security and Data Protection

Security Codes:
Typically, a multilevel password system is used for
security management.
First, an end user logs on to the computer system by
entering his or her unique identification code, or user
ID.
The end user is then asked to enter a password in order
to gain access into the system.
Next, to access an individual file, a unique file name
must be entered.

Transaction Security and Data Protection

Backup Files which are duplicate files of data or
programs, are another important security
measure.
System security monitors are programs that
monitor the use of computer systems and
networks and protect them from unauthorized
use, fraud, and destruction.

THANK YOU