Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Information Technology
BIS 23 B
IT Concept and System Analysis
and Design Development
General Concepts
DATA
Are raw materials to be processed to produce
information. It is a facts or an item considered as
the root of information
TYPES OF DATA
ALPHANUMERIC DATA
NUMERIC DATA
ALPHANUMERIC DATA
Can be used only as text for identification or
labeling purposes and cannot be used in a
formula.
It consists of alphabetic characters LETTERS (A
through Z), NUMERALS (0 through 9) and some
especial symbols (such as # and $).
NUMERIC DATA
Can be quantified and represented by the set of
numeric digits. It is used in computation.
INFORMATION
Is a collected and processed into a meaningful
form. It is the result of manipulation of data and
can be used again as data to provide another
information.
INFORMATION
is data processed for some purpose
Information can only be considered to be 'real'
Info if it meets certain criteria i.e. :
INFORMATION
1. it must be communicated to the recipient
2.it must be in a language that is understood
3.it must be in a suitable form
4.it must be relevant for achieving some purpose
TECHNOLOGY
Is the knowledge and methods used to create a
product or an activities that are directed towards
the satisfaction of human needs that produce
alterations in the material world.
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Is the merging of computing and high-speed
communication links carrying data, sound and
video.
technology involving the design, development,
maintenance, and use of computer systems,
software, and networks for the processing and
distribution of data.
INFORMATION SCIENCE
Is the study of how people create, use and
communicate information in all forms.
Dealing with the efficient collection, storage,
and retrieval of information
COMPUTER SCIENCE
The study of computers and computing, including
computer hardware, software, programming,
networking, database systems, information
technology, interactive systems, and security.
SYSTEM
Is a collection of related components
established to work together to accomplish a
common objective through the input, process
and output approach.
What is a Computer?
General-purpose
Programmable
Calculates
Stores results
What is a Computer?
Input
Processing
Output
Software
The software is the set of instructions
that make the computer behave in a
given way
Software is held either on your
computers hard disk, CD-ROM, DVD
or on a diskette (floppy disk) and is
loaded (i.e. copied) from the disk into
the computers RAM (Random Access
Memory), as and when required
Types of Computer
Mainframe computer
Personal computer
Laptop computer
Personal Digital Assistant
(PDA)
Personal Computers
Cheap and easy to use. Often
used as stand-alone computers or
in a network. May be connected
to large mainframe computers
within big companies
Laptop Computer
is a battery- personal computer
generally smaller than a briefcase that
can easily be transported and
conveniently used in temporary
spaces such as on airplanes, in
libraries, temporary offices and at
meetings
Input devices
Keyboard
Mouse
Scanner
Digital camera
Output Devices
Monitor (VDU)
Printer
Speakers
RAM
The RAM (Random Access Memory) is
where the operating system is loaded and
also where your applications are copied to
when you load an application, such as a
word processor or database program.
ROM
The ROM (Read Only Memory - Basic Input
Output System) chip is a special chip held
on your computer's system (mother) board.
It contains software that is required to make
your computer work with your operating
system
Hardware
Refers to the physical equipment or
component of electronic data processing
system.
Memory
Bit
All computers work on a binary numbering
system, i.e. they process data in ones or zeros.
This 1 or 0 level of storage is called a bit
Byte
A byte consists of eight bits
Byte
A byte consists of eight bits
Kilobyte
A kilobyte (KB) consists of 1024 bytes
Megabyte
A megabyte (MB) consists of 1024 kilobytes
Gigabyte
A gigabyte (GB) consists of 1024 megabytes
Terabyte
A terabyte (TB) consists of 1024 gigabytes
Input Devices
The Keyboard
The
keyboard
is
still
the
commonest
way
of
entering
information into a computer
Trackball
Touchpad
A device that lays on the desktop and
responds to pressure
Light Pen
Used to allow users to point to areas
on a screen
Joystick
Many games require a joystick for the
proper playing of the game
Microphone
A device that allows sound
signals to be converted into
digital files that may be
stored on the computer
It enables voice-recognition
software to be used
It also allows telephony via
the internet
Output Devices
Monitor (VDU)
Printers
Plotters
A plotter is an output device
similar to a printer, but
normally allows you to print
larger images
Speakers
Enhances
the
value
of
educational and presentation
products
Speech synthesisers
Gives you the ability to not
only to display text on a
monitor but also to read the
text to you
Input/Output Devices
Touchscreens
These are both input and output devices
Contact with the screen by means of a
digit provides the input by making a
selection
The result is then displayed on the
screen in the form of information or
gives a menu from which further choices
may be made
Storage Devices
Hard Disk
Speed:
Very fast!
The speed of a hard disk is often quoted as "average access time"
speed, measured in milliseconds. The smaller this number the faster
the disk.
Capacity:
Enormous! Often in excess of 80 Gigabytes. A Gigabyte is equivalent
to 1024 Megabytes.
Cost:
Hard disks costs are falling rapidly and normally represent the
cheapest way of storing data.
Capacity:
Normally 1.44 Mbytes
Cost:
Very cheap
Speed:
Much slower than hard disks.
The
original
CD-ROM
specification is now given a
value of 1x speed, and later,
faster CD-ROMs are quoted
as a multiple of this value
Capacity:
Around 650 Mbytes
Cost:
Below 50p each
DVD Drives
Speed:
Much faster than CD-ROM drives but not as fast as hard disks
Capacity:
Up to 17 GB
Cost:
Slightly higher than CD-ROM drives
Software
Generic name of all programs
Made up of code interpreted by the hardware
Written in programming languages
Types of Software
System
Application
Distinguish between
Operating Systems Software & Applications Software
Operating systems software
The operating system is a special type of program that loads
automatically when you start your computer
The operating system allows you to use the advanced features
of a modern computer without having to learn all the details of
how the hardware works
Applications software
An application program is the type of program that you use
once the operating system has been loaded
Examples include word-processing programs, spreadsheets
and databases
Windows 95
Windows 98
Windows 7
Windows XP
Linux
Unix
Applications Software
Spreadsheets
Microsoft Excel
Lotus 123
Database
Microsoft Access
Lotus Approach
Presentation tools
Microsoft PowerPoint
Lotus Freelance
Desktop publishing
Microsoft Publisher
Abode Photoshop
Multimedia applications
Microsoft's Encarta CD-ROM based encyclopaedias
Peopleware
Represents the personnel involved in
systems analysis, programming, computer
operations and system maintenance.
Systems Development
Analysis
Design
Programming
Testing
Information Networks
A system that uses communications
equipment to connect computers and their
resources.
MAN
connect computers between buildings in the same geographic
area
It is a type of network that covers an area larger than a LAN but
smaller than a WAN e.g a city. The best-known example of a MAN
is the cable television network available in many cities.
WAN
A WAN (Wide Area Network) as the name implies allows you to
connect to other computers over a wider area (i.e. the whole
world) The Internet is the largest WAN covering the Earth.
Repetitive tasks
Easily automated tasks
Mathematical calculations
Dangerous situations
Business administration
Airline booking systems
Insurance claims processing
Online banking
Revenue collection
Electronic voting
Patients records
Ambulance control systems
Diagnostic controls and instruments
Specialist surgical equipment
Student registration
Timetabling systems
Computer-based training (CBT)
Distance learning
Homework using the Internet
Disadvantages
Reduced or no commuting
time
Greater ability to focus on
one task
Flexible schedules
Reduced company space
requirements
Electronic World
Computer
Modem or router
Telephone line or cable
E-mail client software e.g.
Outlook Express or web
browser
E-commerce:
Refers to a wide range of online business activities for
products and services.
E-commerce describes the buying and selling of products,
services, and information via computer networks including
the Internet
Advantages
Disadvantages
Choosing from a virtual, so
cannot physically examine
the goods
There is no human contact
Risk of insecure payment
methods
Time for delivery of physical
products .
Privacy, security, payment,
identity, contract.
Appropriate positioning of
monitors, keyboards and
adjustable chairs
Use of a mouse mat
Use of a monitor filter
Provision
of
adequate
lighting and ventilation
Frequent breaks away
from the computer
Computer Viruses
Computer software
Graphics
Text
Audio
Video
Facts themselves are not
copyrighted, but how they are
presented on a website is
CDs
DVDs
Zip disks
Diskettes
The user is asked to indicate they that "accept" the terms of the
EULA by opening the shrink wrap on the application package,
breaking the seal on the CD case, sending a card back to the
software publisher, installing the application, executing a
downloadable file, or by simply using the application
COMPUTER CRIME
is a growing threat to society by the criminal or
irresponsible actions of computer individuals
who are taking advantage of the widespread use
and vulnerability of computers and the Internet
and other networks.
Computer Crime
Hacking is the obsessive use of computers, or the
unauthorized access and use of networked
computer systems.Illegal hackers (also called
crackers) frequently assault the Internet and
other networks to steal or damage data and
programs.
Computer Crime
Hackers can:
Monitor e-mail, Web server access, or file transfers to
extract passwords or steal network files, or to plant
datathat will cause a system to welcome intruders.
Use remote services that allow one computer on a
network to execute programs on another computer
to gainprivileged access within a network.
Use Telnet, an Internet tool for interactive use of
remote computers, to discover information to plan
other attacks.
Computer Crime
Cyber-Theft
Many computer crimes involve the theft of money.
In the majority of cases, they are inside jobs
that involve unauthorized network entry and
fraudulent alternation of computer databases to
cover the tracks of the employeesinvolved
Computer Crime
Software Piracy:
Computer programs are valuable property and
thus are the subject of theft from computer
systems. Unauthorized copying of software or
software piracy is a major form of software theft
because software is intellectual property, which
is protected by copyright law and user licensing
agreements.
Computer Crime
Unauthorized Use at Work:
The unauthorized use of a computer system is
called time and resource theft. A common
example is unauthorized use of company-owned
computer networks by employees. This may
range from doing private consulting or personal
finances, or playing video games to unauthorized
use of the Internet on company networks.
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