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By Gulbahar Jamali
Contact: 03023076659
Email: Gulbaharjamali@gmail.com
Univeristy of Sindh
Folds
A fold is when the earths crust is pushed up from its sides. There
are six types of folds that may occur:
Anticline
Syncline
Tight Fold
Overfold
Recumbent Fold
Nappe Fold
Anticline
Syncline
A syncline is similar to an
anticline, in that it is formed by
the compression of a tectonic
plate. However, a syncline
occurs when the plate bends in
a downward motion.
The lowest part of the syncline
is known as the trough.
To the top right is a diagram of
a syncline fold (The bottom of
the fold center is the trough).
Beneath, is an example of a
syncline in California. Can you
distinguish the trough in this
picture?
Tight Fold
Overfold
An overfold takes place when folding rock becomes bent
or warped.
Sometimes the folds can become so disfigured that they
may even overlap each other.
An example of overfolding is shown in the diagram
below.
Recumbent Fold
This type of fold is
compressed so much that
it is no longer vertical.
There is a large extent of
overlapping and it can
take the form of an s.
To the right is a diagram
that shows the process of
recumbent folding.
Nappe Folding
This fold is similar to a
recumbent fold because
of the extent of folding
and overlapping.
However, nappe folding
becomes so overturned
that rock layers become
fractured.
To the right is a picture of
someone standing under
a fractured fold.
Faults
Normal Fault
Reverse Fault
Tear Fault
A tear fault, also known as a transform fault, occurs when two
tectonic plates slide in a lateral motion past each other.
This type of fault causes the most severe earthquakes because they
grind against each other. These earthquakes can either be shallow
or deep and cause tremors over a short or long period of time.
Tear faults can occur frequently, especially along the coast of
California.
Rift Valley
Horst Fault
A Horst is the opposite of
a rift valley. The land
between the parallel
faults is forced upward
because the two faults
are being pushed
together.
This process can take a
long time to occur
because the average
plate movement is one
inch per year.
There are examples of
horst faults on the left.
Summary
Folding and faulting has a major influence
on the way the earth looks. Mountains
form and disappear over time, as well as
large rift valleys and other features. This
has an impact on where and how we live.
The End
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