I LAW ANALYSIS

FOR
A CONTROL VOLUME

CONTROL VOLUME

interested volume in space for a study

surface is defined w.r.t a co-ordinate

system

m,w,q crosses the system

mass and properties of the mass

change with time

Conservation of Mass &

Control Volume
Mass cannot be created or destroyed
in control volume all the mass flows into and
out of the system is considered
the net change of mass within the control
volume is given by the continuity equation.

Rate of change (+) in

(-)out

.
V
Volume flow rate
m3/sec.

= Vaverage A

Mass flow rate

kg/sec.
.

= average

/v

kg/sec
Acc. to continuity equation
mass flow remains constant
(i.e)
A V=

THE FIRST LAW OF THE

THERMODYNAMICS
FOR A
u + Pv
+ V2 + gZ = Total energy
associatedCONTROL
with flow. VOLUME

Where
u = spec.internal energy ; Pv = flow
energy
V2 = spec. kinetic energy ; gZ =
spec.potential energy
According to first law,
u1+ P1v1 + V12 + gZ1 + q = u2+ P2v2 +
V22 + gZ2 + w
Or
h1+ V12 + gZ1 + q = h2+ V22 + gZ2 + w
(as u +Pv =h)

THE STEADY STATE STEADY

FLOW PROCESS.
For a steady flow process the following conditions
must be satisfied:
The control volume does not move relative to
the coordinate frame.
The state of the mass at each point in the
control volume does not vary with time.
As for the mass that flows across the control
surfaceThe mass flux and the state of this mass
at each discrete area of flow on the control
surface do not vary with time.
The rates at which heat and work cross the
control surface remain constant

Steady-State Steady Flow Process

The examples of Steady-State Steady Flow Process
are the following:

Nozzles

Diffusers

Throttle

Turbines

Compressor / Pumps
Heat exchanger

A steady
HEAT EXCHANGER

state
heat exchanger
is a simple fluid
flow
through
pipes where heat
is transferred to
or from the fluid

0,
W
KE 0
PE 0

h1 + q =
h2

NOZZLEA steady state steady

flow device used to
.
create high velocity
fluid at the expense
of fluid pressure
Flowing fluid is
allowed to expand
smoothly to a lower
pressure increasing
the velocity
No work done
No change in PE
No transfer of heat
KE at the inlet is
small

Characteristics of
Nozzles

V2 > > V1

P2 < < P 1

W= 0
Q 0
PE 0
KE 0
h1 + V12 =
V22

h2 +

DIFFUSER
A steady state steady
flow device used to
deaccelerate a high
velocity fluid (opposite
of a nozzle)
No work done
No change in PE
No transfer of heat
KE at the inlet is very
large and outlet KE is
small
2
h
= h2 +
1 + V1
V 22

THROTTLING VALVE
A flow restricting device that
causes a significant pressure
drop in the fluid
As the fluid is forced to pass
through a smaller path rather
suddenly ,abrupt drop in
pressure occurs with a small
increase in velocity
Inlet and outlet KE are smallneglected
No work
No change in PE
No appreciable change in
heat transfer
Throttle is a pressure drop at

TURBINES
A rotary SSM used to produce shaft work at the cost
of working fluids pressure.
Inside the turbine,2 distinct processes takes place,
(i)
Working fluid passes through a set of nozzle to
expand the fluid to a lower pressure and to a high
velocity
(ii) High velocity fluid is directed on to a set of
moving blades producing shaft work and thus
reducing the fluid velocity.
(iii) Fluid discharged from the turbine will have low
velocity and low pressure.

TURBINES
Turbine

process

is

adiabatic
inlet and exit KE is
negligible
Change
in
PE
is
negligible
Therefore,
h1 = w + h

COMPRESSOR AND PUMPS

Purpose of compressor (for gases) and pump(for

liquids) - to increase the pressure of the fluid

by putting in shaft work.

Inside the turbine,2 distinct processes takes place,
working fluid enters the compressor at low
pressure moving into a set of rotation blades from
which it leaves at high velocity as the result of shaft
work input .

Fluid then passes through a diffuser in which it is

decelerated .

thus the fluid comes out of the compressor at

high pressure.

Characteristics of compressor
and pumps

Change in PE is negligible
Inlet and outlet KE is negligible

No sufficient heat transfer-adiabatic

Therefore,

h1 = h2 + w