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Cost Behavior:
Analysis and Use
In Total
Per Unit
Variable
Fixed
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Machine
Machine
hours
hours
A
Ameasure
measure of
of the
the
event
event that
that causes
causes
the
the incurrence
incurrence of
of aa
variable
variable cost
cost aa
cost
cost driver
driver
Miles
Miles
driven
driven
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Labor
Labor
hours
hours
Minutes Talked
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Per Minute
Telephone Charge
Minutes Talked
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Step-Variable Costs
Cost
Total
Totalcost
cost remains
remains
constant
constantwithin
withinaa
narrow
narrow range
rangeof
of
activity.
activity.
Activity
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Step-Variable Costs
Cost
Total
Totalcost
costincreases
increasesto
toaa
new
new higher
highercost
cost for
for the
the
next
next higher
higherrange
rangeof
of
activity.
activity.
Activity
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Exh.
5-4
Total Cost
AAstraight
straightline
line
Economists
closely
closely
Curvilinear Cost approximates
approximates aa
Function
curvilinear
curvilinear
Relevant
Range
variable
variablecost
cost
line
linewithin
withinthe
the
relevant
relevant range.
range.
Accountants Straight-Line
Approximation (constant
unit variable cost)
Activity
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Exh.
5-5
Monthly Basic
Telephone Bill
Exh.
5-5
Cost Behavior
Examples
Examples of
of normally
normally variable
variable costs
costs
Merchandisers
Merchandisers
Service
ServiceOrganizations
Organizations
Cost
Costof
ofGoods
GoodsSold
Sold
Supplies
Suppliesand
andtravel
travel
Manufacturers
Manufacturers
Merchandisers
Merchandisers and
and
Manufacturers
Manufacturers
Direct
DirectMaterial,
Material,Direct
Direct
Labor,
Labor,and
andVariable
Variable
Manufacturing
ManufacturingOverhead
Overhead
Sales
Salescommissions
commissionsand
and
shipping
shippingcosts
costs
Examples
Examples of
of normally
normally fixed
fixed costs
costs
Merchandisers,
Merchandisers, manufacturers,
manufacturers, and
and
service
serviceorganizations
organizations
Real
Realestate
estatetaxes,
taxes,Insurance,
Insurance,Sales
Salessalaries
salaries
Depreciation,
Depreciation,Advertising
Advertising
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Committed
Committed
Discretionary
Discretionary
Long-term,
Long-term, cannot
cannot be
be
reduced
reducedin
in the
theshort
short
term.
term.
May
Maybe
bealtered
altered in
inthe
the
short-term
short-term by
bycurrent
current
managerial
managerial decisions
decisions
Examples
Examples
Examples
Examples
Depreciation
Depreciationon
on
Buildings
Buildingsand
and
Equipment
Equipment
Advertising
Advertisingand
and
Research
Research and
and
Development
Development
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Continue
Rent Cost in
Thousands of Dollars
Exh.
5-6
90
60
30
00
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Relevant
Range
Total
Totalcost
costdoesnt
doesnt
change
changefor
foraawide
wide
range
rangeof
ofactivity,
activity,
and
andthen
thenjumps
jumpsto
toaa
new
newhigher
highercost
costfor
for
the
thenext
nexthigher
higher
range
rangeof
ofactivity.
activity.
1,000
2,000
3,000
Rented Area (Square Feet)
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Step-variable costs
can be adjusted more
quickly and . . .
The width of the
activity steps is much
wider for the fixed
cost.
Quick Check
Which
Which of
of the
the following
following statements
statements about
about
cost
cost behavior
behavior are
are true?
true?
Fixed
Fixedcosts
costsper
perunit
unitvary
varywith
withthe
the level
levelof
of activity.
activity.
bb Variable costs per unit are constant within the
Variable costs per unit are constant within the
relevant
relevantrange.
range.
cc Total fixed costs are constant within the relevant
Total fixed costs are constant within the relevant
range.
range.
dd Total variable costs are constant within the
Total variable costs are constant within the
relevant
relevantrange.
range.
aa
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Mixed Costs
AAmixed
mixedcost
cost has
hasboth
bothfixed
fixed and
andvariable
variable
components.
components. Consider
Consider the
the example
example of
of utility
utilitycost.
cost.
Total Utility Cost
ta
o
T
xe
i
lm
os
c
d
t
Variable
Cost per KW
Activity (Kilowatt
Hours)
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Fixed Monthly
Utility Charge
Mixed Costs
ta
o
T
xe
i
lm
s
o
dc
a
=
Y
X
b
+
Variable
Cost per KW
Activity (Kilowatt
Hours)
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Fixed Monthly
Utility Charge
Cost
Costestimates
estimatesare
arebased
basedon
onan
an
evaluation
evaluationof
ofproduction
productionmethods,
methods,
and
and material,
material, labor
labor and
andoverhead
overhead
requirements.
requirements.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Total Cost in
1,000s of Dollars
Y
20
10
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
* *
* *
* ** *
**
X
0
1
2
3
4
Activity, 1,000s of Units Produced
Quick-and-Dirty Method
Draw
Draw aaline
linethrough
throughthe
thedata
datapoints
pointswith
withabout
aboutan
an
equal
equalnumbers
numbersof
ofpoints
points above
aboveand
and below
below the
the line.
line.
Total Cost in
1,000s of Dollars
Y
20
10
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
* ** *
**
* *
*
* Intercept
is the estimated
0
1
2
3
4
Activity, 1,000s of Units Produced
Quick-and-Dirty Method
The
Theslope
slopeis
isthe
theestimated
estimatedvariable
variable cost
cost per
per unit.
unit.
Slope
Slope==Change
Changein
in cost
cost Change
Changein
inunits
units
Total Cost in
1,000s of Dollars
Y
20
10
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
* *
*
*Horizontal
Horizontal
distance
distanceis
is
the
thechange
changein
in
activity.
activity.
* ** *
**
Vertical
Verticaldistance
distanceis
is
the
thechange
changein
incost.
cost.
0
1
2
3
4
Activity, 1,000s of Units Produced
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
cost in units
Variable cost per unit = Change Changein
in cost change
Change in units
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Quick Check
Sales
Salessalaries
salariesand
and commissions
commissions are
are $10,000
$10,000when
when
80,000
80,000units
unitsare
aresold,
sold, and
and$14,000
$14,000when
when120,000
120,000units
units
are
aresold.
sold. Using
Using the
thehigh-low
high-low method,
method,what
what is
is the
the
variable
variable portion
portion of
of sales
salessalaries
salaries and
and commission?
commission?
a.
a. $0.08
$0.08per
perunit
unit
Units
Cost
b.
b. $0.10
$0.10per
perunit
unit
High level
120,000
$ 14,000
c.
c. $0.12
$0.12per
perunit
unit
Low level
80,000
10,000
d.
d. $0.125
$0.125per
perunit
unit Change
40,000
$ 4,000
$4,000 40,000 units
= $0.10 per unit
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Quick Check
Sales
Salessalaries
salariesand
and commissions
commissions are
are $10,000
$10,000 when
when
80,000
80,000units
unitsare
aresold,
sold, and
and$14,000
$14,000 when
when 120,000
120,000units
units
are
aresold.
sold. Using
Usingthe
thehigh-low
high-low method,
method,what
whatis
isthe
the
fixed
fixed portion
portionof
of sales
salessalaries
salariesand
andcommissions?
commissions?
a.
a. $$ 2,000
2,000
b.
b. $$ 4,000
4,000
c.
c. $10,000
$10,000
d.
d. $12,000
$12,000
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Least-Squares Regression
Method
Software can be used to fit
a regression line through
the data points.
The cost analysis objective
is the same: Y = a + bx
Least-squares
Least-squaresregression
regressionalso
alsoprovides
providesaa statistic,
statistic,
22
called
the
R
called the R ,,that
that is
is aameasure
measure of
of the
thegoodness
goodness
of
of fit
fitof
ofthe
theregression
regression line
lineto
tothe
thedata
data points.
points.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Least-Squares Regression
Method
RR22 is
isthe
thepercentage
percentage of
ofthe
the variation
variation in
in total
total cost
cost
explained
explainedby
bythe
theactivity.
activity.
Y
Total Cost
20
* ** *
**
* *
* * R2 for this relationship is near
10
0
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Dependent
Dependent variables
variablesare
are
caused
caused by
bythe
the
independent
independentvariables.
variables.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Caution:
Caution: Before
Before doing
doing
the
theanalysis,
analysis,take
taketime
time
to
todetermine
determineifif aa
logical
logicalrelationship
relationship
between
betweenthe
thevariables
variables
exists.
exists.
TC
TC == FF ++ VX
VX
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Each
Each regression
regressionmodel
model
22
has
an
R-square
(R
has an R-square (R ))
measure
measure of
of how
how good
good the
the
model
modelis.
is.
2
Range
Rangeof
ofRR2 == 00to
to1.0
1.0
First,
First, open
open
the
the excel
excel file
file
with
with your
your
data
data and
and
click
click on
on
Insert
Insert and
and
Function
Function
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
When
When the
the
function
function box
box
opens,
opens, click
click
on
on
Statistical,
Statistical,
then
then on
on
LINEST
LINEST
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
1.
1. Enter
Enterthe
thecell
cellrange
rangefor
for the
thecost
cost amounts
amountsin
inthe
the
Known_ys
Known_ysbox.
box.
2.
2.Enter
Enterthe
thecell
cellrange
rangefor
for the
thequantity
quantityamounts
amountsin
in
the
theKnown_xs
Known_xsbox.
box.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
The
TheSlope,
Slope,or
orestimated
estimatedvariable
variable cost
cost per
perunit,
unit, is
is
identified
identified here.
here. Click
ClickOK
OKto
toput
put this
thisvalue
value on
on your
your
spreadsheet.
spreadsheet.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Repeat
Repeat the
the
procedure
procedure
using
using
Intercept,
Intercept,
to
to estimate
estimate
fixed
fixed cost.
cost.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
The
Theestimated
estimated fixed
fixed cost
cost is
is
identified
identified here.
here.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
As
Aspreviously,
previously,
enter
enter the
the
appropriate
appropriatecell
cell
ranges
ranges in
intheir
their
appropriate
appropriate
places.
places.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
2
The
Theestimated
estimatedRR2 for
foryour
yourestimated
estimated
cost
cost function
functionis
is identified
identified here.
here.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
As
Aspreviously,
previously,
enter
enter the
the
appropriate
appropriatecell
cell
ranges
ranges in
intheir
their
appropriate
appropriate
places.
places.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Total
$ 100,000
60,000
$ 40,000
30,000
$ 10,000
Unit
$ 50
30
$ 20
Contribution Approach
(costs organized by behavior)
Sales
$ 100,000
Less cost of goods sold
70,000
Gross margin
$ 30,000
Less operating expenses
20,000
Net operating income
$ 10,000
Sales
$ 100,000
Less variable expenses
60,000
Contribution margin
$ 40,000
Less fixed expenses
30,000
Net operating income
$ 10,000
Used primarily by
management.
End of Chapter 5
McGraw-Hill/Irwin