What

What Is
Is Leadership?
Leadership?
Leadership
The ability to
influence a group
toward the
achievement of goals.
Management
Use of authority
inherent in designated
formal rank to obtain
compliance from
organizational
members.

Trait
Trait Theories
Theories
Traits Theories of
Leadership
Theories that consider
personality, social,
physical, or
intellectual traits to
differentiate leaders
from nonleaders.

Leadership
LeadershipTraits
Traits::
Ambition
Ambitionand
andenergy
energy
The
Thedesire
desireto
tolead
lead
Honest
Honestand
andintegrity
integrity
Self-confidence
Self-confidence
Intelligence
Intelligence
High
Highself-monitoring
self-monitoring
Job-relevant
Job-relevant
knowledge
knowledge

The
The
Managerial
Managerial
Grid
Grid
(Blake
(Blake and
and
Mouton)
Mouton)

Managerial Grid
1,1 Impoverished Management
9,1 Authority compliance
1,9 Laissez-faire / Country Club
Management
9,9 Team Management
5,5 Middle of the road

The
The Path-Goal
Path-Goal Theory
Theory

Path
Path Goal
Goal Theory
Theory
Leader Behavior
Directive lets followers know what is expected, schedules work,
gives specific guidance on tasks
Supportive friendly and shows concern for needs of followers
Participative consults with follower and uses their suggestions
before making decision
Achievement-Oriented sets challenging goals and expects
followers to perform at their highest level
Contingency factors
Environmental: determine type of leader behavior
Subordinate: determine how environment and leader behavior are
interpreted

Inspirational
Inspirational Approaches
Approaches to
to Leadership
Leadership
Charismatic Leadership Theory
Followers make attributions of heroic or
extraordinary leadership abilities when they
observe certain behaviors.
Charismatics
CharismaticsInfluence
InfluenceFollowers
FollowersBy:
By:
1.1. Articulating
Articulatingthe
thevision
vision
2.2.
3.3.

Setting
Settinghigh
highperformance
performanceexpectations
expectations
Conveying
Conveyingaanew
newset
setof
ofvalues
values

4.4. Making
Makingpersonal
personalsacrifices
sacrifices

Transactional
Transactional and
andTransformational
Transformational Leadership
Leadership
Transactional Leaders
Leaders who guide or motivate their
followers in the direction of established
goals by clarifying role and task
requirements.

Transformational Leaders
Leaders who provide individualized
consideration and intellectual stimulation,
and who possess charisma.

Characteristics
Characteristics of
of Transactional
Transactional Leaders
Leaders
Contingent Reward: Contracts rewards in exchange of
efforts, rewards performance, recognizes accomplishments

Management by Exception (active ): Watches and

searches for deviations from rules and standards, takes
corrective action.

Management by Exception (passive): Intervenes

only if standards are not met.

Laissez-Faire: Abdicates responsibilities, avoids making

decisions.

Characteristics
Characteristics of
of Transformational
Transformational Leaders
Leaders
Charisma: Provides vision and sense of mission, instills
pride, gains respect and trust.

Inspiration: Communicates high expectations, uses

symbols to focus efforts, expresses important purposes in
simple ways.

Intellectual Stimulation: Promotes intelligence,

rationality, and careful problem solving.

Individualized Consideration: Gives personal

attention, treats each employee individually, coaches,
advises.

Contemporary
Contemporary Leadership
Leadership Roles:
Roles: Providing
Providing
Team
Team Leadership
Leadership
Team
TeamLeadership
LeadershipRoles
Roles: :
Act
Actas
asliaisons
liaisonswith
with
external
externalconstituencies.
constituencies.
Serve
Serveas
astroubleshooters.
troubleshooters.
Managing
Managingconflict.
conflict.
Coaching
Coachingto
toimprove
improveteam
team
member
memberperformance
performance

Contemporary
Contemporary Leadership
Leadership Roles:
Roles: Mentoring
Mentoring
Mentor
A senior employee
who sponsors and
supports a lessexperienced
employee (a
protg).

Mentoring
MentoringActivities
Activities: :
Present
Presentideas
ideasclearly
clearly
Listen
Listenwell
well
Empathize
Empathize
Share
Shareexperiences
experiences
Act
Actas
asrole
rolemodel
model
Share
Sharecontacts
contacts
Provide
Providepolitical
political
guidance
guidance

Finding
Finding and
and Creating
Creating Effective
Effective Leaders
Leaders
Selection
Review specific requirements for the job.
Use tests that identify personal traits associated with leadership,
measure self-monitoring, and assess emotional intelligence.
Conduct personal interviews to determine candidates fit with the
job.
Training
Recognize that all people are not equally trainable.
Teach skills that are necessary for employees to become effective
leaders.
Provide behavioral training to increase the development potential
of nascent charismatic employees.