AMPLITUDE VARIATION WITH OFFSET

Almer Krisnanda D / 1206250084

Ayu Apdila Yuarthi / 1206215573

OUTLINE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Snells Law
Introduction to AVO
The Zoeppritz Equations
AVO
Classification of AVO
Application of AVO

Snells Law

INTRODUCTION AMPLITUDE VARIATION WITH

OFFSET (AVO)

Amplitude variation with offset (AVO) is primarily the variation in seismic

reflection amplitude with change in distance between shot point and the
receiver

It can physically explain presence of hydrocarbon in the reservoirs and the

thickness, porosity, density, velocity, lithology and fluid content of the
reservoir of the rock can be estimated.

INTRODUCTION OF AVO

ZOEPPRITZ EQUATION

VP1 , VS1 , 1

Reflected
S-wave

Reflected
P-wave = R()

Incident
P-wave

VP2 , VS2 , 2
Transmitted
P-wave

Help is coming approximation to Zoeppritz

Bortfeld:
Fluid

Rigidity

sin 1
1 cos 1

RC ln 2 2

2 11 cos 2
1
Aki & Richards:

RC

12 22 2 lnln 2 1

Rock Properties

1 4 sin 2
2

Shuey:

2cos2

sin 2

Angle Dependence
Near

Mid

Far

1
2
2
2

RC NIp A oNIp
sin

tan

sin

2
2

AVO
Non Linear corresponding
increase in angle

Linear increase in offset

V1
V2

Angle for same offset

gets smaller with depth

Velocity can be used to

convert offset to angle
Using Walden 1991
(3D Snells law) equations

V3
V4

Shuey approximation
:

RC () = A + B (sin)
Where:
= angle of incidence
A = Normal incidence
P wave reflection or
intercept
B = gradient

AVO
Distance (Offset)

Amp

Offset

Amplitude vs offset will often show an

AVO effect that is present for most
rocks. The amplitude is actually related
to the incidence angle not the offset

AVO

AVO Classification
(Rutherford, 1989)
0.2

Reflection Coefficient

CLASS 1

High-Impedance Reservoirs

0.1

CLASS 2

0 (deg)

15
5

10

20

-0.1
CLASS 3
-0.2

Low-Impedance Reservoirs

Incident Angle

25

30

35

TOP AND BASE GAS SAND ANOMALIES

(CLASS 2 TRANSITION INTO CLASS 3 GAS SANDS)

APPLICATION OF AVO
Gas Sand Detection (AVO Classes)
These classes describe AVO at the interface separating a sandstone
overlain by shale.
These AVO effects are more successful in soft reservoir rocks such as the
Gulf of Mexico and North Sea.

Fracture Detection
Azimuthally-dependent P-wave AVO (amplitude variation with offset)
responses can be related to open fracture orientation and have been
suggested as a geophysical tool to identify fracture orientation in fractured
oil and gas reservoirs.

THANK YOU