Constructional Features of DC

M/C

Essential Parts of DC M/C

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Field System
Armature
Commutator
Brushes
Bearings & Shaft

Field System
Purpose To create a uniform magnetic field.
Permanent Magnet/ Electromagnet
Field system consists of 4 parts
i.

Yoke or Frame Used as frame of the machine and carries

the flux produced by poles. Made of cast steel / cast iron.

ii. Pole cores Used to carry the coils of insulated wires

carrying the field/exiting current. Usually of circular cross
section. Made of cast steel.
iii. Pole shoes Support for the field coils. To spread out the
flux more uniformly. To reduce reluctance.
iv. Magnetizing coils

Armature
Rotating part of the dc m/c
Purpose Rotate the conductors in the
Magnetic field
Made of highly permeable silicon-steel.
Laminated.
There are slots over the periphery of
the armature
Slot Used to house the armature
windings

Commutator
Important part of DC M/C
Functions:
Provides electrical connection b/w rotating armature and
stationary electric circuit.
Performs mechanical rectification.
Keeps rotor magnetic axis stationary in space.

Cylindrical Structure
Made of Cu.
Commutator segments are insulated from each
other by mica
Number of segment is equal to no of armature coils.

Brushes
Purpose Collect current from the
commutator and supply it to external
electric circuit or vice versa.
Brushes are rectangular in shape and
rest on the commutator.
Made of carbon graphite / metal
graphite /Cu.
Wear out rapidly.
Hence constant lubrication is required.

Bearings & Shaft

Bearings are used to reduce friction.
Ball bearings/ Pedestal bearings/
Roller bearings are generally used.
Shaft is used to transfer mech. Power
from or to m/c.
The shaft is made of mild steel.

DC M/C Armature Winding

Armature Winding
It is an arrangement of conductors to develop a
desired emf.
Improve the quality of voltage (similar to battery
voltage).
Depending upon the rating of the m/c armature
winding are of different types.
Two common types of Armature winding:
Lap winding
Wave winging

Terminology
Conductor- Each individual length of
wire lying in MF.
Coil Conductors with one or more
turns and with two terminals.
Coil side- Each coil has two coil sides.
Overhang

 Winding Arrangement of coils is called winding.

Slot (S)
Coil pitch/ coil span Distance between the coil
side of a coil in terms of number of slots is called
coil pitch.
Pole pitch Number of slots per pole.
If the coil-pitch is equal to the pole-pitch, then
winding is called full-pitched.
It means that coil span is 180 electrical degrees. In
this case, the coil sides lie under opposite poles,
hence the induced e.m.fs in them are additive.

If the coil-pitch is less than the pole-pitch,then the

winding is fractional-pitched.In tis case,there is a
phase difference between the e.m.fs in the two sides
of the coil
Commutator segment
Commutator Pitch Separation of coil sides of coil in
terms of in terms of commutator segments is called
commutator pitch
Lap winding : Yc = 1
Wave winding : Yc= 2* Yp
Single layer winding : Only one coil side is place per
slot.
Therefore total no. of coils = S/2

 Double layer winding : Each slot will house two coil

sides. Physically one coil side is placed in the
lower portion of slot while other placed above it.
Therefore total no. of coils = S
In nth slot coil side placed in upper deck is
numbered as n and coil side placed in lower deck
is numbered as n
Alternate numbering : In nth slot, coil side placed
in upper deck is numbered with odd number and
coil side placed in lower deck is numbered with
even number

 Pitch of a Winding (Y or Yr): It is defined as

distance b/w two coil sides of same coil or
consecutive coils in terms of coil side
number.
Back Pitch (YB): Distance between coil sides
of same coil in terms of coil side number is
called back pitch.
Front pitch (YF): Distance between coil side2
of coil x and coil side1 of coil x+1 in terms of
coil side number.

General Procedure
Given : Slots and Poles.
Calculate coil span ( = S/P)
Calculate commutator pitch Yc. (Decide
lap or wave winding)
Complete the winding and connect the
coil side terminals to commutator
segment.
Finally decide and place the stationary
brushes on the correct commutator
segments.

Developed Diagram

Lap Winding
Yc = 1
If Yc = +1 => Progressive lap winding
If Yc = -1 => Retrogressive lap winding

Lap winding in practical dc m/c

Given : S = 16 & P = 4

 For LAP Winding:

No. of commutator segments = S.
No. of parallel paths = P.
No. of Brushes = P.

Lap winding is adopted for low

voltages, high current DC machines
1. Slots = 8 and P = 4. Draw the
complete lap winding diagram.