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Drilling Engineering
Drilling Engineering
Momentum Equation
Assumptions:
1. The drillstring is placed concentrically in the casing or open hole
2. The drillstring is not being rotated
3. Sections of open hole are circular in shape and of known diameter
4. Incompressible drilling fluid
5. Isothermal flow
Momentum equation:
dV
F P g
dt
Drilling Engineering
Force Analysis
d ( r )
dp
r
dr
dL
Prepared by: Tan Nguyen
Drilling Engineering
Force Analysis
Drilling Engineering
Force Analysis
d ( r )
dp
r
dr
dL
d ( r ) r
dp
dr
dL
r dp C1
2 dL r
Drilling Engineering
2 dL
r
B.C. r = 0 --> = 0: then C1 = 0
r dp
2 dL
Drilling Engineering
Q udA u 2rdr
R
Q
0
1 dP 2
r R 2 2rdr
4 dL
2 dP
Q
r 2 R 2 rdr
4 dL 0
R
2 dP R 4 R 4
4 dL 4
2
dP 4
R
8 dL
dP 4
R uR 2
8 dL
1 dP 2
R
8 dL
Drilling Engineering
Maximum velocity:
In field unit:
dP
u
dL 1,500d 2
Drilling Engineering
From equation:
r dp
2 dL
w
1 2
u
2
Field unit:
This equation can be used to calculate pressure under laminar or turbulent conditions
Drilling Engineering
gives
where
This equation is used to calculate the Fanning friction factor when the flow is laminar. If Re <
2,100 then the flow is under laminar conditions
Drilling Engineering
Drilling Engineering
and
2 dL
The relationship between shear stress and shear rate can be express as
Where
is called the nominal Newtonian shear rate. For Newtonian fluid, we can used
Drilling Engineering
Drilling Engineering
Reynolds number:
NRe = 17725 : The fluid is under turbulent flow.
Drilling Engineering
Drilling Engineering
With turbulent flow and assuming smooth pipe, the Fanning friction factor:
0.0791
0.0791
0.00685
0.25
0.25
Re
17725
dP
fu 2
0.00685 10 8.937 2
0.0496 psig / ft
dL 25.8d
25.8 4.276
Wrong calculation !!!!!!! Laminar flow !!!!!!!
dP
u
20 8.9
5
8
.
2
10
psi / ft
2
2
dL 1,500d
1,500 4.276
Drilling Engineering
dP
u
20 0.89
0.00065 psi / ft
2
2
dL 1,500d
1,500 4.276
f = 16 / Re = 0.009
dP
fu 2
0.009 10 0.89 2
0.00065 psig / ft
dL 25.8d
25.8 4.276
Drilling Engineering
dv r dp C1
dr 2 dL r
dv r dp C1
dr 2 dL r
r dp C1
dv (
) dr
2 dL r
r dp C1
dv
2 dL r )dr
r 2 dp f C1
v
ln r C 2
4 dL
r dp C1
2 dL r
Drilling Engineering
B.C. 2: r = r2 --> u = 0
r1
r2
ln
dp
1
f
2
2
2
2
r
u
r
r
2
2
1
r2
4 dL
ln
r1
Drilling Engineering
ln r2
1 dp f 2 2
2
2
r 2rdr
r
r
2
2
1
r
4 dL
2
ln
r1
2
2 2
r r
r24 r14 2 1
r
ln 2
r1
Q v(2r )dr
dp f
Q
8 dL
Q v(2r )dr
Q r22 r12 u
SI Unit
Pressure drop:
dp f
dL
8 u
2
2
r2 r1
r r
ln r2
r1
2
2
2
1
Field
Unit
d d
1,500 d 22 d12
d2
ln
d1
2
2
2
1
Drilling Engineering
Drilling Engineering
Average velocity:
Drilling Engineering
dp f
dL
1,500
d 22 d12
2
2
d 2 d1
d
2
ln
d1
Or:
15(1.362)
7 5
1,500 7 5
ln 7
5
0.0051 psig / ft
A
r
eaofH
qW
uidgvhalentfsoW
h(r221)12
Drilling Engineering
Drilling Engineering
P1
y + y
y
dp
y C1
dL
P2
Drilling Engineering
dv
dp
y C1
dy
dL
1 dp 2 C1 y
y
C2
2 dL
C2 0
h dp
C
2 dL
v
1 dp 2 h dp
1 dp 2
y
y
y hy
2 dL
2 dL
2 dL
Drilling Engineering
1 dp 2
Wh 3 dp
q vdA vWdy
y hy Wdy
2
dL
12 dL
0
0
0
2
Wh (r2 r1 ) and h r2 r1
dp f 2
2
q
(r2 r1 )(r2 r1 )2
12 dL
Drilling Engineering
q Av r22 r12 v
v
q
q
A r22 r12
dp f 2
2
(r2 r1 )(r2 r1 )2
(r2 r1 )2 dp f
12 dL
r22 r12
12 dL
dp f
dL
12 v
(r2 r1 )2
Field unit
dp f
dL
1000(d 2 d1 )2
Drilling Engineering
h dp r2 r1 12 v
w
2 dL
2 (r2 r1 ) 2
w
6v
12v
w
r2 r1 d 2 d1
Field unit:
w
144v
d 2 d1
Drilling Engineering
dp f
dL
dp f
dL
8 v
R2
w
_
12 v
(r2 r1 )2
8v
D
12v
d 2 d1
Drilling Engineering
Drilling Engineering
Q
80
1.79 ft / s
2.448d dp2
2.448 4.276 2
u dp
u ann
Q
80
1.36 ft / s
2.448 d 22 d12 2.448 7 2 5 2
dP
dL
dP
dL
dp
u dp
1500d dp2
ann
15 1.79
9.79 10 4 psig / ft
2
1500 4.276
u ann
15 1.36
0.0051 psig / ft
1000 d 22 d12 1000 7 5 2
Drilling Engineering
d b2
2
At 3
3 13 / 32 0.39 in 2
4
4
8.311 10 5 q 2 8.311 10 5 9 80 2
34.87 psig
Pressure drop at the bit: Pb
C d2 At2
0.95 2 0.39 2
dP
dP
dL Total dL
dp
dP
dL
Pbit
ann
dP
9.79 10 4 0.0051 10,000 34.87 60.78 34.87 95.66 psig
dL Total
Shear rate at the wall:
144v
144(1.362)
98 1 / s
d 2 d1
7 5