Operating System

Concepts

Unit-1: Computer System

Organization

M. Abu Baker Siddique

Operating System is the most

important program that runs on a
computer and therefore the study of
operating systems is fundamental to
the students of computer sciences

1.1 Basic Components of Computer

System
A computer system is considered a
combination of basic hardware
components.
These components are organized into
a well designed style to form the
computer system

Components of Computer
System

1.1.1 Central Processing

Unit(CPU)
CPU acts as a brain of the computer
It is an electronic device about a inch
square
It contains CU and ALU
It has also some special purpose
registers

Dual Core/Multi Core CPUs

1.1.2 Main Memory

Main Memory refers to physical memory

Also called RAM
Data must be stored before/after processing
It also contains main part of OS every time
An other name of it is Primary memory
It is volatile memory
a transistor and a capacitor is needed to build
a single cell i.e to store a single bit of data

Main Memory

1.1.3 Input / Output

Modules
The computer will be of no use if it is
not communicating with external
world.
I/O devices send and receive data
from/to computer
Also called peripheral device
Each I/O device has its own controller

Input / Output Devices

1.1.4 System Bus

A system bus is a single
communication path.
It connects the major components of
a computer system

System Buses
Data Bus: is the most common type of
bus. It is used to transfer data between
different component of computer
Address Buss: Many components are
connected to one another through
buses. Each component is assigned a
unique ID. This ID is called address.
Control Buss: is used to transmit
different commands or control signals
from one component to another
component.

1.1.5 CPU Registers

CPU register is a small amount of
storage available as part of a CPU.
Registers can be accessed more
quickly.

CPU Registers continued..

Memory Address Register (MAR): this
register holds the address of memory
where CPU needs to reads or write
data.
Memory Buffer Register (MBR): This
register holds the contents of data or
instruction read from, or written in
memory.
I/O Address Register(I/O AR): is used
to specify the address of a particular

CPU Registers continued..

I/O Buffer Register (I/O BR): is used for
exchanging data between the I/O module and
the processor.
Program Counter Register (PCR): is also known
as Instruction Pointer Register (IPR). This
register is used to store the address of the net
instruction to be fetched for execution.
Instruction Register (IR): Once an instruction is
fetched from main memory, it is stored in the
IR.

CPU Registers continued..

Accumulator Register (AR): is located
inside the ALU. It is used during arithmetic
& logical operations of ALU.
Stack Control Register (SCR): a stack
represents a set of memory blocks. The
data is stored in and retrieved from these
blocks in an order.
Flag Register (FR): is used to indicate
occurrence of a certain condition during
and operation the CPU.

1.2 Instruction Execution

Cycle
Every single statement of a
computer program is called machine
instruction.
Fetch
Decode
Execute
Store

1.3 Computer System

Architecture
Computer System Architecture
means construction/design of a
computer. There three principal ways
to connect components of a
computer.
Von Neumann Architecture
Bus Architecture
Single & Multiprocessor architectures

Computer System
Architecture
Von Neumann Architecture:
John Von Neumann explained the first
practical stored program computer
architecture in 1940s.
Components of it, Input, Output,
Processor, Memory, Data-Path.
The speed is dependent on the bandwidth
of the data path b/w processor and
memory.
It is called Von Neumann bottleneck.

Von Neumann Architecture

1.3.2 Bus Architecture

Bus is like a supper highway
Processor and memory are
connected through it.
Data moves on the bus between CPU
and Memory.
It has same components as the Von
Neuman
Difference is buss

Bus Architecture

1.3.3 Single & Multiprocessor

Architecture
A computer system may be
organized in different ways.
Computer may have single processor
or multiprocessor
There two types of it
Single Processor System
Multiprocessor System

1.3.3.1 Single Processor System

Small computers use only one
processor
I/O devices may have their own small
processor that helps to move data
quickly

1.3.3.2 Multiprocessor System

In multiprocessor system tow or more
general purpose work together
More than one program can be executed
on different processor at same time.
Also known as multi processing
OSs are also made according to
multiprocessor.
Also known as parallel systems
It is very fast.

1.3.3.2 Multiprocessor System

There are two types of Multi
processor systems.
Asymmetric multiprocessing systems
Symmetric multiprocessing systems

Asymmetric Multiprocessor System

Each processor is assigned a specific
task
One processor work as master and
other as slave processors.
Master processor controls the
operations of the system.

Symmetric Multiprocessor System

Multiprocessor works together on the
same task
Each processor can perform all type
of tasks
Every one is equal

1.4 Clustered Systems

Clustered system is another form of
multiprocessor system
These are full fledge systems
Systems contains multiprocessors
But design is different multiprocessors
Individual systems are
connected/clustered together vial LAN.
One of them is monitoring machine
One take ownership if other is failed

Clustered Systems

Clustered Systems
continued
These are very helpful in DR
environment.
A layer of cluster software runs on
the cluster node.
Use one storage device SAN
There are two types of it:
Asymmetric Clustered System
Symmetric clustered System

1.4.1 Asymmetric Clustered System

One machine is in hot standby mode
Other machine is running the
application
Hot-standby does nothing
Only monitor the active server
If server fails, it takes the control

1.4.2 Symmetric Clustered System

Every machine run the application

Also monitor each other
It is efficient mod
All the resources are used equally
Only used in more than one
application.

Thank