Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Dosage forms
* Surfactants
Surfactants are termed as surface-active agents also wetting agents,
emulsifying agents or suspending agents depending on its properties and use.
Surface-active agents are substances which, at low concentrations, adsorb
onto
the surfaces or interfaces of a system and alter the surface or interfacial free
energy and the surface or interfacial tension.
Surfactants are monomers, it has a characteristic structure possessing both
hydrophobic groups / non-polar regions (their "tails") usually contain a C12
C18 hydrocarbon chain and hydrophilic groups / Polar Regions(their "heads").
Therefore, they are soluble in both organic solvents and water, so they called
amphiphilic.
(Martin Alfred. Physical Pharmacy-Physical Chemical principles in Pharmaceutical Sciences.). (Perkins Warren S. )
Hydrophilic head
Hydrophobic tail
Sodium dodecyl sulphate .The polar "head" has affinity for water and the "tail" has affinity for oil
Mechanism of Action
Surfactants can work in three different ways:
Roll-up, Emulsification and Solubilization.
(a) Roll-up mechanism: The surfactant lowers the
oil/solution and fabric/solution interfacial tensions and in this
way lifts the stain of the
fabric.
(b)Emulsification: The surfactant lowers the oil solution
interfacial tension and makes easy emulsification of the oil.
(c)Solubilization: Through interaction with the micelles of a
surfactant in a solvent (water), a substance spontaneously
dissolves to form a stable and clear solution.
Fig.
Classification of surfactants:
Surfactant can be classified based on charge groups present in their head. A
nonionic surfactant do not have any charge groups over its head. The head of an
ionic surfactant carries a net charge. If the charge is negative, the surfactant is more
specifically called anionic and if the charge is positive, it is called cationic.
If a surfactant contains a head with two oppositely charged groups, it is termed
zwitterion.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Anionic surfactants
Cationic surfactants
Non-ionic surfactants
Zwitterionic/ amphoteric surfactants
(a)Anionic surfactants:
In solution, the head is negatively charged.
These surfactants are the most widely used
type of surfactant for preparing shampoos
because of its excellent cleaning properties
and high hair conditioning effects. Anionic
surfactants are particularly effective at oil
cleaning and oil/clay suspension.
The most commonly used anionic surfactants are alkyl sulphates, alkyl
ethoxylate sulphates and soaps. Most of the anionic surfactants are
carboxylate ,sulfate and sulfonate ions .(ARG Remington ,The science and practice of
pharmacy ,19th edn ,Vol 1)
. The straight
Amphoteric Surfactant
PROPERTIES OF SURFACTANT
Wetting of Solids
Solubilization
Emulsification
Dispersion of solid in solution
Micellization
Detergency
Micellization
Definition- A micelle is an aggregate of surfactant molecules dispersed in
a liquid colloid. The process of forming micelle is known as micellization.
Micelle formations in polar and non-polar solvent depend on the
concentration of the surfactant in the particular solvent.
If add surfactant (monomers) in solvent, at low concentration some
monomers dispersed in solvent or aggregate at the surface or interface until
all surface or interface saturated by surfactant.
Further addition of surfactant increase concentration of monomers and it
goes in solvent and start to form micelles. This concentration is called
CMC. [Critical micelle concentration]
CMC- The concentration of monomer at which the micelles are start to form in
solvent at particular temperature. Micelles form only when the concentration
of surfactant is greater than the critical micelle concentration (CMC).
(Tanford C. The hydrophobic effect: Formation of micelles and biological
membranes.)
Wetting of Solids
o A drop of liquid when placed on a flat, homogeneous solid surface comes
to equilibrium, assuming a shape which minimizes the total free energy of
the system.
o The angle between the liquid and the solid is called the contact angle (),
the angle being measured through the liquid.
o The contact angle may be calculated if the surface and interfacial tensions
are known from Youngs equation given in Eq. (1) or (2).
o SA = SL + LA cos
______________________________(1)
Or
o Cos = SA SL / LA
______________________________(2)
If < 90, wetting of the solid is said to take place. If > 90, wetting
does not take place.
o The term wetting agent is applied to any substance that increases
the ability of water or an aqueous solution to displace air from a
liquid or solid surface.
o For good wetting, cos should be as close as possible to 1; that is,
should be as close as possible to 0.
Emulsification
This is the property of surfactants to form a stable emulsion of two or more
immiscible liquids.
When oil and water mixed together and agitated, droplets of varying size are
produced.
Tension exists at the interface because the two immiscible liquid phases tend to
have different attractive forces for a molecule at the interface.
Molecules of one phase are repelled by other phase due to greater interfacial
tension, but for dispersion of liquid necessary of reduction of interfacial
tension.
Interfacial Tension
Even though reduction of interfacial tension lowers the interfacial free energy
produced on dispersion. Surfactants are adsorbing on the interface of them,
because hydrophilic head have affinity towards water and hydrophobic tail towards
oil. This is responsible for reduction of interfacial tension and two immiscible
phases are become miscible.
Interfacial Film
The formation of film by the emulsifier is similar to adsorption of surfactants at the
interface of an oil and water. If the concentration of emulsifier is high enough, it
forms a rigid film between the immiscible phases which act as a mechanical bar to
both adhesion and emulsifier of emulsion droplets. In O / W emulsions, the mixture
of sodium cetyl sulfate and cholesterol form more stable interfacial film.
* Solubilization
Solubilization can be defined as the preparation of a thermodynamically stable
isotropic solution of a substance normally insoluble or very slightly soluble in a
given solvent by the introduction of an additional amphiphilic component or
components.
The amphiphilic components (surfactants) must be introduced at a
concentration at or above their critical micelle concentrations.
Simple micellar systems (and reverse micellar) as well as liquid crystalline
phases and vesicles referred to above are all capable of solubilization.
Solubilization by micelles
The location of a solubilized molecule in a micelle is
determined primarily by the chemical structure of the
solubilizate.
Solubilization can occur at a number of different sites in a
micelle:
2.
3.
In the palisades layer, i.e., between the hydrophilic groups and the first few
carbon atoms of the hydrophobic groups that comprises the outer regions of the
micelle core.
4.
More deeply in the palisades layer, and in the micelle inner core.
( Loyd V Allen et al)
Examples
1. Polar alcohols are soluble in aqueous solution, so it located in solution / on
surface of micelle.
2. Phenol are having polar OH group and non polar benzene ring. In which OH
gr. Located in hydrophilic environment and benzene ring in hydrophobic
environment, so it located at the surface and between the hydrophilic head groups.
3. Semi polar materials, such as fatty acids are usually located in the palisades
layer, the depth of penetration depending on the ratio of polar to non-polar
structures in the solubilisate molecule.
4. Non-polar additives such as hydrocarbons tend to be intimately associated with
the hydrocarbon core of the micelle.
(Kwon GS, Kataoka K. Block copolymer micelles as long circulating drug vehicles.)
chloroxylenol and thymol with soap to form clear solutions for use in
disinfection.
Detergency
It is most important property of surface active agents. Surface active agents are
referred as detergents. The term Detergency is mostly used in the cleaning /
removing of grease, oil and dirt from the solid surface. The principle of detergency is
based on the formation of micelle.
The process needs many of the actions specific to surfactant molecules.
1. The surfactant requires good wetting properties to ensure good contact with the
solid surface.
2. It also has the ability to remove dirt into the bulk liquid.
The surfactant molecules surround the stain particles, break them up and
force them away from the surface of the fabric.
They then suspend the stain particles in the wash water to remove them.
If the dirt is oily it may be emulsified or solubilized by the surfactant.
APPLICATION OF SURFACTANTS
IN PHARMACEUTICALS
I.
Wetting agents : Surfactants are used in capsule and tablet formulations as wetting
agents to aid dissolution.
Lubricants, anti-adherents, and glidants.
The primary function of tablet lubricants is to reduce the friction arising at the
interface of tablet and die walls during compression and ejection.
Lubricants also possess antiadherent (prevention of sticking to the punch and,
to a lesser extent, to the die wall) and glidant (improvement of flow
characteristics of powders or granulates) characteristics and are useful in the
processing of hard gelatin capsules.
Magnesium stearate is used extensively as a lubricant in tablet manufacture. It
is an example of a boundary lubricant, that is, the polar regions of the
molecule adhere to the metal surface of the die wall (in tablet manufacture).
The stainless steel molds are lubricated prior to dipping into the gelatin
solution and sodium lauryl sulphate is added to reduce the surface tension
of the mix and cause the mold pins to wet more uniformly.
(Corrigan OI, Healy AM. Surfactants in Pharmaceutical Products and Systems.)
II.
Suppositories
LIQUID SYSTEMS
Formulation of Solution
Surfactants used in Formulation of Solution as solubilizing agent, which
increase Drug solubility. It includes Sorbitan mono oleate and PEG. It used in
rang 0.05-0.5% to avoid toxicity.[26]
Mouthwashes can be used for two purposes. They are therapeutic and
cosmetic.
Surfactants are used because they aid in the solubilization of flavours and in
the removal of debris by providing foaming action.
Reshad M, Nesbit M, Petrie A, Setchell D.Eur J Prosthodont Restor Dent. 2009
One of these agents are tri ethanolamine polypeptide oleatecondensate, commercially formulated in propylene glycol, is
used to emulsify the cerumen thereby facilitating its removal
(Cerumenex drops).
Another commercial product utilizes carbamide peroxide in
glycerin/propylene glycol (Debrox drops). On contact with the
cerumen, the carbamide peroxide releases oxygen which
disrupts the integrity of the impacted wax, allowing its easy
removal.
(Dimmitt P.J Pediatr. Health Care. 2005 Sep-Oct;)
Brands in pakistan
ABBOWAX drops, CARBOWAX drops
SEMISOLID SYSTEMS
Surfactants are major constituents of pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food
semisolid formulations, many of which are emulsions, either oil in water (o/w)
or water in oil (w/o). They are included for their stabilizing, wetting,
solubilizing, detergent and penetration enhancing properties.
Emulsion formulation: Water-in-oil emulsions traditionally contain surfactants
of natural origin such as cholesterol, wool fat, wool alcohols, lanolin, divalent
salts of fatty acids soaps, calcium oleate and/or synthetic agents of low
hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) (indicating high lipophilicity), such as
Spans (fatty acid esters of sorbitan).
Formulation of Ointments
Ointments are semisolid preparation meant for external application to skin or
mucous membrane; they usually contain medicaments or medicaments in
dissolved, suspended or emulsified in an ointment base. Sometimes in the
ointment preparation surfactants are useful for the easy removal from the skin
by washing with water & also for the consistency by reduction of surface
tension.
Surfactants are also used in formulation of cold cream, cleansing cream,
vanishing cream, shaving cream or any media.
Formulation of Shampoo
Shampoo is a hair care product used for the removal of oils, dirt, skin
particles, dandruff, environmental pollutants and other contaminant
particles that gradually build up in hair. The goal is to remove the
unwanted build-up without stripping out so much as to make hair
unmanageable.
Shampoo, when lathered with water, is a surfactant, which, while
cleaning the hair and scalp, can remove the natural oils (sebum) which
lubricate the hair shaft.
( Corrigan OI, Healy AM. Surfactants in Pharmaceutical Products and Systems.)
Formulation of Aerosols
Surfactants are found in both solution and suspension formulations of metered
dose inhalers (MDIs).
The most common surfactants found in pressurized aerosol preparations
include
sorbitan trioleate (Span 85),
oleic acid, and
Lecithin
These agents are non-volatile liquids which dissolve in the propellant blend.
THANK YOU