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Building Envelope

Audit
NAUFAL AULIA AZIZ
TEKNIK FISIKA, INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI BANDUNG

What is Building Envelope?

Bulding envelope consists of those elements of a building that


enclose conditioned spaces through which thermal energy may
be transferred

The envelope audit should record for each space the size,
physical characteristics, Hours of operation and function.

The assorted materials of construction, windows, doors, holes,


percentage glass, etc. should also be recorded.

Infiltration

Leakage or infiltration of air into a building is similar to the effect


of additional ventilation, and it cannot be controlled or
turned off at night.

It is the result of cracks, openings around windows and doors,


and access openings.

Formula of Infiltration to heat flow:


Q = 1.08 cfm T

Q is heat removal, Btu/Hr


cfm is ventilation or infiltration rate, cubic feet per minute
T is the allowable heat rise

Effect of Door Size and Time Opened on The


Average Annual Heat Loss

Reducing Infiltration

To reduce heat loss for operating doors, the installation of


vinyl
strips is sometimes used. This type of strip is
approximately 90% efficient in reducing heat losses.

Vertical shafts, such as stairwells, should be isolated.

Poor quality outdoor air dampers are another source of


excess infiltration. Replacement with good quality
opposed-blade dampers with seals at the blade edges and
ends will reduce infiltration losses.

Reducing exhaust air by filterizing fitting baffles or a false


hood inside existing hood.

Heat Flow Due to Conduction

When a temperature gradient exists on either side of a wall, a


flow
of heat from hot side to cold side occurs.
Q = k/d A T
U=k/d= 1/R

Q is the rate of flow Btuh


d is the thickness of the material in inches
A is the area of the wall, ft
T is the temperature difference, F
U is the conductance of the material-Btu/hr/sq ft/F
k is the conductivity of the material
R is the resistance of the material.

Heat Flow Due to Radiation

Radiation is the transfer of radiant energy from a source to a


receiver, The radiation from the source (sun) is partially absorbed
by the receiver and partially reflected.
Q = A T4

Q = rate of heat, flow by radiation, Btu/hr


e = emissivity of a body, which is defined as the rate of energy
radiated by the actual body. = 1 for a block body.
= Stephen Boltzmans Constant, 1.71 109 Btu/ft2 hr T4
A = surface area of body in square feet.

Energy Audits of Roofs

To reduce the HVAC load the U-Factor of the roof is


increased by adding insulation.

For cooling load considerations the color of the roof is


important. Light color roofs, or adding a surface layer
of white pebbles or gravel, are sometimes used.

The roof temperature can also be lowered by utilizing


a roof spray.

Computer Services

Most manufacturers of roof insulation and window treatments


offer computer simulations to estimate savings as a result of
using their products.

Manufacturers such as 3M offer computer load simulations for


their products.

Glass Audit

Glass traditionally has poor conductance qualities and accounts


for significant heat gains due to radiant energy.

To decrease losses due to conductance either the glass needs to


be replaced, modified, or an external thermal blanket added.

Solar Radiation Considerations: In addition to heat flow due to


conduction, a significant heat flow occurs through glass due to
the suns radiant energy.

To reduce solar loads, there are several common devices:


Roller shades (least expensive)
Reflective polyester film
Venetian blinds
Vertical louver blinds
External louvered screens
Tinted or reflective glass (most expensive)

Window Treatments
Several

types of window treatments to reduce


losses have become
available.

1.

Solar Control

2.

Thermal Barriers

3.

Infiltration

Solar Control

Solar Control Films-A range of tinted and reflective polyester films are available
to adhere to inner window surfaces to provide solar control for existing clear
glazing. Films are typically two or three layer laminates composed of
metalized, transparent and/or tinted layers.

1.

Fiber Glass Solar Control Screens

2.

Motorized Window Shading System

3.

Exterior Sun Control Louvers

4.

External Venetian Blinds

5.

Adjustable Louvered Windows

6.

Solar Shutters

Thermal Barriers
1.

Multilayer, Roll-Up Insulating Window Shade

2.

Insulating Window Shade

3.

Reflective, Perforated Solar Control Laminate

4.

Semi-Transparent Window Shades

5.

Louvered Metal Solar Screens

6.

Operable External Louver Blinds

7.

Louvered Metal Solar Screens

8.

Insulating Solar Control Film

9.

Interior Storm Window

10. Retrofit

Insulating Glass System

Passive Solar Building Designs

A passive solar system is defined as one in which thermal


energy flows by natural means.

Examples of solar building design include:


Solar greenhouses which are built on the south side of
buildings. These can produce 60-100% of heating and cooling
requirements.
Underground buildings which use ground temperature to
provide year-round temperature requirements.
Enhanced natural ventilation through solar chimneys or use
of Trombe wall.

Reducing Stratified Air

One way of reducing air temperatures near ceilings during the


heating season is to use a circulation fan.

The result of reducing ceiling temperature is a reduction in


conduction and exhaust losses.

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