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The Mechanism

of Sense Organ
Marcheli Alexandra T (3415126631)
Leni Melisa (3415266

COORDINATION PROCESS
Stimuli receptors
effectors -> response

nervous system

endocrine

system

Coordination system

Sense, stimulus,
receptor and sense
Sense Stimulus Energy
Receptor
organ
1.sight

Light

2.Hearing Sound
3.Taste

5.Smell

Electromagnetic

Photoreceptor

Eye

Mechanical
deformation

Mechanoreceptor

Ear

Chemoreceptor

Taste
bud

Mechanoreceptor,

Skin

Chemical Chemical
in food

4.Touch Touch,
pain..

Sense
organ

Mechanical
deformation

Chemical chemical
in air

chemoreceptor

Chemoreceptor Nose

The Mechanism of Sight


Mechanism of vison

Eye

Photoreceptor

The difference Between


Rod and Cone

Rods

Cones

Periphery of retina

Concentrated at centre
Large number in
yellow spot

High visual
sensitivity

Low

Low visual acuity


-detect dim light
-night vision
-cannot detect colour

High
-only detect strong light
-day vision
-detect colour

Peak Sensitivity of Rods


and Cones

photochemical reaction
Light
Rhodopsin
retinene
(purple)

Scotopsin +
Dark

Nerve
impulse

Under light, retinene undergoes isomeric


change, rhodopsin breaks down to
scotopsin and retinene (both colourless)

Bleaching of visual
pigments nerve impulse

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Trichromatic theory of colour vision

Sensation of any given colour is


determined by the relative
frequency of impulses reaching
the brain from each type of cone
stimulate both green and red
cones
yellow
-Colour blindness
-Red-green colour blindness

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The mechanism of
Hearing

Major Divisions of the


Ear
Peripheral Mechanism

VIII
Outer Middl Inner
Crania
Ear
e Ear Ear
l Nerve

Central Mechanism

Brain

16

How Sound Travels


Through The Ear...

Outter Ear

Outter Ear
Cerumen
The purpose of wax:
Repel water
Trap dust, sand particles, micro-organisms, and other
debris
Moisturize epithelium in ear canal
Odor discourages insects
Antibiotic, antiviral, antifungal properties
Cleanse ear canal

Middle Ear
Tympanic
Membrane
The Ossicular
Chain
Eustachian
Tube
Stapedius
Muscle

Tympanic Membrane
Cone-shaped in appearance
about 17.5 mm in diameter

The eardrum vibrates in


response to sound pressure
waves.
The membrane movement is
incredibly small
as little as one-billionth of a
centimeter

The Ossicular Chain


A: Malleus
B: Incus
C: Stapes
Ossicles are smallest
bones in the body
Act as a lever
system
Footplate of stapes
enters oval window
of the cochlea

Eustachian Tube
Lined with mucous
membrane; connects
middle ear to back of
the throat
(nasopharynx)
Equalizes air pressure
Normally closed except
during yawning or
swallowing
Not a part of the
hearing process

Stapedius Muscle
Connects the stapes to the middle ear wall
Contracts in response to loud sounds; known as the
Acoustic Reflex

Middle Ear
Conduction
Conduct sound from the outer ear to the inner ear

Protection
Creates a barrier that protects the middle and inner areas
from foreign objects
Middle ear muscles may provide protection from loud
sounds

Transducer
Converts acoustic energy to mechanical energy
Converts mechanical energy to hydraulic energy

Amplifier
Transformer action of the middle ear
only about 1/1000 of the acoustic energy in air would be
transmitted to the inner-ear fluids (about 30 dB hearing
loss)

Inner Ear

Choclea
Snail shaped. Have 3 canals they are
Scala Vestibuli
Scala Tympani
Scala Media

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