Variable Costing

11th Edition
Chapter 7
McGrawHill/Irwin
Copyright2006,TheMcGrawHillCompanies,Inc.
Variable Costing: A
Tool for Management
Chapter Seven
McGrawHill/Irwin
Overview of Absorption
and Variable Costing
Absorption
Costing
Variable
Costing
Direct Materials
Product
Costs
Product
Costs
Direct Labor
Variable Manufacturing Overhead
Fixed Manufacturing Overhead
Period
Costs
McGrawHill/Irwin
Variable Selling and Administrative Expenses
Period
Costs
Fixed Selling and Administrative Expenses
Quick Check
Which
Which method
method will
will produce
produce the
the highest
highest values
values for
for
work
work in
in process
process and
and finished
finished goods
goods inventories?
inventories?
a.
a. Absorption
Absorption costing.
costing.
b.
b. Variable
Variable costing.
costing.
c.
c. They
They produce
produce the
the same
same values
values for
for these
these
inventories.
inventories.
d.
d. ItIt depends.
depends. .. ..
McGrawHill/Irwin
Quick Check
Which
Which method
method will
will produce
produce the
the highest
highest values
values for
for
work
work in
in process
process and
and finished
finished goods
goods inventories?
inventories?
a.
a. Absorption
Absorption costing.
costing.
b.
b. Variable
Variable costing.
costing.
c.
c. They
They produce
produce the
the same
same values
values for
for these
these
inventories.
inventories.
d.
d. ItIt depends.
depends. .. ..
McGrawHill/Irwin
Unit Cost Computations

Harvey Company produces a single product
with the following information available:
Number
Number of
ofunits
unitsproduced
produced annually
annually
Variable
Variable costs
costsper
per unit:
unit:
Direct
Directmaterials,
materials, direct
directlabor,
labor,
and
and variable
variable mfg.
mfg. overhead
overhead
Selling
Selling &&administrative
administrative expenses
expenses
$$
$$
Fixed
Fixed costs
costsper
per year:
year:
Manufacturing
Manufacturing overhead
overhead
Selling
expenses
$$150,000
150,000
$$100,000
100,000
McGrawHill/Irwin
25,000
25,000
10
10
33

Unit product cost is determined as follows:
Direct
Directmaterials,
materials, direct
directlabor,
labor,
and
and variable
variable mfg.
mfg. overhead
overhead
Fixed
Fixed mfg.
mfg. overhead
overhead
($150,000
($150,00025,000
25,000units)
units)
Unit
Unitproduct
productcost
cost
Absorption
Absorption
Costing
Costing
Variable
Variable
Costing
Costing
$$
10
10
$$
10
10
$$
66
16
16
$$
-10
10
Selling and administrative expenses are

always treated as period expenses and
deducted from revenue as incurred.
McGrawHill/Irwin
Income Comparison of
Absorption and Variable Costing
Lets assume the following additional
information for Harvey Company.
20,000 units were sold during the year at a price of
$30 each.
There were no units in beginning inventory.
Now, lets compute net operating

income using both absorption
and variable costing.
McGrawHill/Irwin
Absorption Costing
Sales
Sales(20,000
(20,000$30)
$30)
Less
Lesscost
costof
ofgoods
goodssold:
sold:
Beginning
Beginninginventory
inventory
Add
AddCOGM
COGM(25,000
(25,000 $16)
$16)
Goods
Goodsavailable
available for
forsale
sale
Ending
Endinginventory
inventory(5,000
(5,000 $16)
$16)
Gross
Grossmargin
margin
Less
Lessselling
selling&&admin.
admin.exp.
exp.
Variable
Variable (20,000
(20,000$3)
$3)
Fixed
Fixed
Net
Netoperating
operatingincome
income
McGrawHill/Irwin
Absorption
AbsorptionCosting
Costing
$$600,000
600,000
$$
-400,000
400,000
400,000
400,000
80,000
80,000
$$ 60,000
60,000
100,000
100,000
320,000
320,000
280,000
280,000
160,000
160,000
$$120,000
120,000
Variable Costing
Variable
manufacturing
Variable
VariableCosting
Costing
costs only.
Sales
Sales(20,000
(20,000$30)
$30)
Less
Lessvariable
variableexpenses:
expenses:
Beginning
$$
-Beginninginventory
inventory
Add
250,000
AddCOGM
COGM(25,000
(25,000$10)
$10)
250,000
Goods
250,000
Goodsavailable
availablefor
forsale
sale
250,000
Less
Lessending
endinginventory
inventory(5,000
(5,000$10)
$10) 50,000
50,000
Variable
200,000
Variablecost
costof
ofgoods
goodssold
sold
200,000
Variable
Variableselling
selling&&administrative
administrative
expenses
60,000
expenses(20,000
(20,000$3)
$3)
60,000
Contribution
Contributionmargin
margin
Less
Lessfixed
fixedexpenses:
expenses:
Manufacturing
$$150,000
Manufacturingoverhead
overhead
150,000
Selling
Selling&&administrative
administrativeexpenses
expenses 100,000
100,000
Net
Netoperating
operatingincome
income
McGrawHill/Irwin
$$600,000
600,000
All fixed
manufacturing
overhead is
expensed.
260,000
260,000
340,000
340,000
250,000
250,000
$$ 90,000
90,000
Income Comparison of
Absorption and Variable Costing
Lets compare the methods.
Cost
Costof
of
Goods
Goods
Sold
Sold
Absorption
Absorptioncosting
costing
Variable
Variable mfg.
mfg.costs
costs $$200,000
200,000
Fixed
120,000
Fixedmfg.
mfg.costs
costs
120,000
$$320,000
320,000
Variable
Variable costing
costing
Variable
Variable mfg.
mfg.costs
costs $$200,000
200,000
Fixed
-Fixedmfg.
mfg.costs
costs
$$200,000
200,000
McGrawHill/Irwin
Ending
Ending
Inventory
Inventory
Period
Period
Expense
Expense
$$ 50,000
50,000
30,000
30,000
$$ 80,000
80,000
$$
$$ 50,000
50,000
-$$ 50,000
50,000
$$
-150,000
150,000
$$150,000
150,000
$$
----
Total
Total
$$250,000
250,000
150,000
150,000
$$400,000
400,000
$$250,000
250,000
150,000
150,000
$$400,000
400,000
Reconciliation
We can reconcile the difference between
absorption and variable income as follows:
Variable
Variable costing
costingnet
netoperating
operatingincome
income
Add:
Add:Fixed
Fixedmfg.
mfg. overhead
overheadcosts
costs
deferred
deferredin
ininventory
inventory
(5,000
(5,000units
units $6
$6per
perunit)
unit)
Absorption
Absorptioncosting
costingnet
netoperating
operatingincome
income
$$
90,000
90,000
30,000
30,000
$$ 120,000
120,000
Fixed mfg. Overhead

$150,000
=
= $6.00 per unit
Units produced
25,000 units
McGrawHill/Irwin
Extended Comparison of Income Data

Harvey Company Year Two
Number
Number of
ofunits
unitsproduced
produced
Number
Number of
ofunits
unitssold
sold
Units
Unitsin
in beginning
beginning inventory
inventory
Unit
Unitsales
salesprice
price
Variable
Variable costs
costsper
per unit:
unit:
Direct
Directmaterials,
materials, direct
directlabor
labor
variable
variable mfg.
mfg. overhead
overhead
Selling
administrative
expenses
expenses
Fixed
Fixed costs
costsper
per year:
year:
Manufacturing
Manufacturing overhead
overhead
Selling
administrative
expenses
expenses
McGrawHill/Irwin
25,000
25,000
30,000
30,000
5,000
5,000
$$
30
30
$$
10
10
$$
33
$$150,000
150,000
$$100,000
100,000
Direct
Directmaterials,
materials, direct
directlabor,
labor,
and
and variable
variable mfg.
mfg. overhead
overhead
Fixed
Fixed mfg.
mfg. overhead
overhead
($150,000
($150,00025,000
25,000units)
units)
Unit
Unitproduct
productcost
cost
McGrawHill/Irwin
Absorption
Absorption
Costing
Costing
Variable
Variable
Costing
Costing
$$
10
10
$$
10
10
$$
66
16
16
$$
-10
10
Absorption Costing
Sales
Sales(30,000
(30,000 $30)
$30)
Less
Lesscost
costof
ofgoods
goodssold:
sold:
Beg.
Beg. inventory
inventory(5,000
(5,000 $16)
$16)
Add
AddCOGM
COGM (25,000
(25,000 $16)
$16)
Goods
Goodsavailable
available for
forsale
sale
Less
Lessending
endinginventory
inventory
Gross
Grossmargin
margin
Less
Lessselling
selling &&admin.
admin. exp.
exp.
Variable
Variable (30,000
(30,000 $3)
$3)
Fixed
Fixed
Net
Netoperating
operatingincome
income
Absorption
AbsorptionCosting
Costing
$$900,000
900,000
$$ 80,000
80,000
400,000
400,000
480,000
480,000
-$$ 90,000
90,000
100,000
100,000
480,000
480,000
420,000
420,000
190,000
190,000
$$230,000
230,000
These are the 25,000 units

produced in the current period.
McGrawHill/Irwin
Variable Costing
Variable
manufacturing
costs only. Variable Costing
Variable Costing
Sales
$$900,000
Sales(30,000
(30,000 $30)
$30)
900,000
Less
Lessvariable
variable expenses:
expenses:
Beg.
$$ 50,000
Beg. inventory
inventory(5,000
(5,000 $10)
$10)
50,000
Add
250,000
AddCOGM
COGM(25,000
(25,000 $10)
$10)
250,000
All fixed
Goods
300,000
Goodsavailable
available for
forsale
sale
300,000
manufacturing
Less
-Lessending
endinginventory
inventory
overhead is
Variable
cost
of
goods
sold
300,000
Variable cost of goods sold
300,000
expensed.
Variable
Variable selling
selling&&administrative
administrative
expenses
90,000
390,000
expenses(30,000
(30,000 $3)
$3)
90,000
390,000
Contribution
510,000
Contributionmargin
margin
510,000
Less
Lessfixed
fixedexpenses:
expenses:
Manufacturing
$$150,000
Manufacturingoverhead
overhead
150,000
Selling
250,000
Selling&&administrative
expenses 100,000
100,000
250,000
Net
$$260,000
Netoperating
operatingincome
income
260,000
McGrawHill/Irwin
Reconciliation
We can reconcile the difference between
absorption and variable income as follows:
Variable costing net operating income
$ 260,000
Deduct: Fixed manufacturing overhead
costs released from inventory
(5,000 units $6 per unit)
30,000
Absorption costing net operating income $ 230,000
Fixed mfg. Overhead

$150,000
=
= $6.00 per unit
Units produced
25,000 units
McGrawHill/Irwin
Income Comparison
Costing Method
Absorption
Variable
McGrawHill/Irwin
1st Period
$ 120,000
90,000
2nd Period
$ 230,000
260,000
Total
$ 350,000
350,000
Summary
Relation between
production
and sales
Production > Sales
Effect
on
iniventory
Inventory
increases
Production < Sales
Inventory
decreases
Production = Sales
No change
McGrawHill/Irwin
Relation between
variable and
absorption income
Absorption
>
Variable
Absorption
<
Variable
Absorption
=
Variable
End of Chapter 7
McGrawHill/Irwin

Variable Costing

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Variable Costing

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

11th Edition

Variable Selling and Administrative Expenses

Fixed Selling and Administrative Expenses

Unit Cost Computations

Unit Cost Computations

Selling and administrative expenses are

Now, lets compute net operating

Fixed mfg. Overhead

Extended Comparison of Income Data

Unit Cost Computations

These are the 25,000 units

Fixed mfg. Overhead

Production < Sales

You might also like