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Differential Calculus
The two basic forms of calculus are
differential calculus and integral calculus.
This chapter will be devoted to the former
and Chapter 7 will be devoted to the
latter. Finally, Chapter 8 will be devoted to
a study of how MATLAB can be used for
calculus operations.
dy
or
dx
df ( x)
f '( x) or
dx
Definition:
dy
y
lim
dx x 0 x
4
y2 y1
dy
slope
dx
x2 x1
8
10
yx
y y ( x x)
y y x 2 xx (x)
2
11
y 2 xx (x)
y
2 x x
x
dy
y
lim
2x
dx x 0 x
12
Chain Rule
y f (u )
u u ( x)
dy df (u ) du
du
f '(u )
dx
du dx
dx
df
(
u
)
where
f '(u )
du
13
y (1) (1) 1
2
y (1.01) (1.01) 1.0201
y 1.0201 1 0.0201
2
dy y 0.0201
2.01
dx x
0.01
14
d
sin u cos u
du
Use the chain rule to find the
derivative with respect to x of
y 4sin x
15
ux
du
2x
dx
dy
du dy du
f '(u )
dx
dx du dx
2
4(cos u )(2 x) 8 x cos x
16
a
xn
(n 0)
un
(n 0)
uv
u
v
eu
f '( x)
af '( x)
u '( x) v '( x)
du df (u ) du
f '(u )
dx
du dx
0
nx n 1
du
nu n 1
dx
dv
du
u v
dx
dx
du
dv
v
u
dx
dx
v2
du
eu
dx
Derivative Number
D-1
D-2
D-3
D-4
D-5
D-6
D-7
D-8
D-9
17
cos u
tan u
sin 1 u
cos 1 u
tan 1 u
ln a au
du
dx
1 du
u dx
1 du
log a e
u dx
du
cos u
dx
du
sin u
dx
du
sec 2 u
dx
1 du
sin
u
2
2
1 u 2 dx
1 du
0 cos 1 u
1 u 2 dx
1 du
1 u 2 dx
tan 1 u
2
2
D-10
D-11
D-12
D-13
D-14
D-15
D-16
D-17
D-18
18
y x sin x
dy
dv
du
u v
dx
dx
dx
2
d
x
d
sin
x
2
x
sin x
dx
dx
19
dy
2
x cos x sin x 2 x
dx
2
x cos x 2 x sin x
20
sin x
y
x
d sin x
d x
du
dv
v
u
x
sin x
dy
dx
dx
dx 2 dx
2
dx
v
x
x cos x sin x
2
x
21
ye
x2
x
u
2
x
d
2
du
1
2x x
dx
dx
2
dy
e
dx
x2
x xe
x2
22
Higher-Order Derivatives
y f ( x)
dy
df ( x)
f '( x)
dx
dx
2
d y
d f ( x) d dy
f ''( x)
2
2
dx
dx
dx dx
2
d y
d f ( x ) d d y
(3)
f ( x)
3
3
2
dx
dx
dx dx
3
23
y 5sin 4 x
dy
d
5(cos 4 x) (4 x) 20 cos 4 x
dx
dx
2
d y
d
20
sin
4
x
(4
x
)
80sin
4
x
2
dx
dx
24
25
Velocity
y
dy
v
dt
2
Acceleration
dv d y
a
2
dt dt
26
y f ( x) x 6 x 9 x 2
3
dy
2
3x 12 x 9
dx
2
3x 12 x 9 0
x 1 and x 3
27
dy
2
3 x 12 x 9
dx
2
d y
6 x 12
2
dx
For x = 1, f(1) = -6. Point is a maximum and
ymax= 6.
For x = 3, f(3) = 6. Point is a minimum and
ymin = 2.
28