+

Newtons Mechanical
Synthesis

Joseph Sebastian Dee, Danaan Portugal

Villena, Tomy Paulino, John Darryl Dy

+
Objectives
By

the end of the report, you should be able

to:
explain why objects undergo different kinds
of motion;
state and explain Newtons Three Laws of
Motion and the Law of Universal Gravitation;
differentiate between inertial and noninertial reference frames;
and characterize physical laws.

+Newtons Three Laws

of Motion

+
Isaac Newton
Sir

Isaac Newton
PRS MP was an
English physicist
and mathematician
who is widely
regarded as one of
the most influential
scientists of all time
and as a key figure
in the scientific
revolution.

Born:

December 25, 1642,

Woolsthorpe-byColsterworth, United
Kingdom

Died:

March 20, 1727,

Kensington, United Kingdom

+
Newtons Laws of Motion
First
An

Law: Law of Inertia

object at rest stays at rest

and an object in motion stays
in motion with the same speed
and in the same
directionunless acted upon by
an unbalanced force

Force Is a push or pull upon an object

resulting from the object'sinteractionwith
another object. Whenever there is
aninteractionbetween two objects, there is a
force upon each of the objects. When
theinteractionceases, the two objects no
longer experience the force. Forcesonly exist
as a result of an interaction.

The

state of motion of an object is

maintained as long as the object
isnotacted upon by an unbalanced
force. All objects resist changes in their
state of motion - they tend to "keep on
doing what they're doing."

+
How is this law made possible?
Inertia

The resistance an object

has to change its state of motion.

Galileo,

a premier scientist in
the seventeenth century,
developed the concept of
inertia. Galileo reasoned that
moving objects eventually
stop because of a force called
friction.

+
The

tendency of an object to resist

changes in its state of motion varies
with mass. Mass is that quantity that
issolelydependent upon the inertia
of an object. The more inertia that an
object has, the more mass that it
has. A more massive object has a
greater tendency to resist changes in
its state of motion.

Mass

The quantity of matter in an

object.

+
Newtons Laws of Motion
Second

Law: Law of Acceleration

The

acceleration of an object as
produced by a net force is directly
proportional to the magnitude of the
net force, in the same direction as the
net force, and inversely proportional
to the mass of the object.

= Fnet/ m

+
Acceleration

- Is therateat which
thevelocityof a body changes with
time.

According

to Newton, an object
will only accelerate if there is
anetorunbalanced forceacting
upon it. The presence of an
unbalanced force will accelerate
an object - changing its speed, its
direction, or both its speed and
direction.

+
Newtons Law of Motion
Third

Law: Law of Action

Reaction

For

every action, there is an

equal and opposite reaction.

In

every interaction, there is a

pair of forces acting on the two
interacting objects. The size of the
forces on the first
objectequalsthe size of the force
on the second object. The
direction of the force on the first
object isoppositeto the direction
of the force on the second object.
Forcesalwayscome in pairs equal and opposite actionreaction force pairs.

+Newtons Universal
Law of Gravitation

+
Newtons Universal Law of
Gravitation
Newton

proposed that every object

in the universe attracts every other
object.

The constant G, called the gravitational

constant, is a proportionality constant
necessary to relate the masses,
measured in kilograms, to the force,
measured in Newtons. In the SI system
of units, G has the value 6.67 1011 N
m2/kg2

+
Newtons Universal Law of
Gravitation
Furthermore,

Newton stated that the

force of gravity is always attractive,
works instantaneously at a distance,
and has an infinite range.

It

affects anything with mass,

regardless of chemical composition
or charge.

Objects

with the same mass fall at

the same rate

+
Weight or Pull of Gravity

Fw
m
a

= mag

= mass

= acceleration due to gravity

On

earth, acceleration due to gravity

is 9.8 m/s2

+
Consequences of the Law of
Gravity
Influence

of celestial bodies on earths moon

causes perturbations in its motion along its
path.

Predicted

reappearance of comets obey the

law of gravitation (Halleys Comet ave.
period of 75 yrs.)

Planets

+ satellites = spherical, flattened at

poles, bulging at the equator --gravitational force greater in the equator

Explanation

for tides

+Inertia and Non-inertia

Reference Frames

According to Isaac Newtons

Philosophi Naturalis Principia
Mathematica (Mathematical Principles
of Natural Science) or Principia for
short, time and space are both
absolute. But what did he mean by
both of them being absolute?

Time

and space are two well known

phenomena. Everyone knows and has
an idea of these two terms. However,
these quantities are usually understood
or visualized only through the use of
objects of sense perception.

+
Absolute vs. Relative: Space
Absolute

space in its own nature, without

relation to anything external, remains
always similar and immovable.

The

same goes for space. Newton

described space into two different aspects
as well: Absolute Space, a quantity which
is immovable and unchangeable, and
Relative Space, a space measured relative
to perceptible bodies.

+In Relation to Inertia

Inertial

frame is the frame of

reference
that describes time and space
homogenously, isotropically, and in
a time-dependent manner.
in which Newtons first law of
motion applies: an object moves at
a constant velocity unless acted on
by an external force.

It

is said that all inertial (reference)

frames are in a state of constant,
rectilinear motion with respect to

+
On

the other hand, a non-inertial

frame is a frame of reference that is
undergoing acceleration with respect
to an inertial frame. This is where
the term fictitious forces can be
applied.

Fictitious

forces also called inertial

force; is an apparent force that acts
on all masses whose motion is
described using a non-inertial frame.
(ex. Coriolis Effect, Centrifugal Force,
Car/Airplane Effect)

+
Conclusion
In

Newtonian Mechanics, time and

space is absolute. His works and
discoveries are truly fruitful;
however, his theories on absolute
time and space are only valid in
inertial frames of references because
further studies will show that some
of the proposals or laws made by
Isaac Newton were actually false.
But, even if his theories were wrong,
because of him, man is one step
closer to understanding the universe

Theories of Relativity,
+Universality and
Invariance

+ In 1905, Albert Einstein determined that

the laws of physics are the same for all

non-accelerating observers, and that the
speed of light in a vacuum was
independent of the motion of all
observers. This was the theory of special
relativity. It introduced a new framework
for all of physics and proposed new
concepts of space and time.

Einstein

then spent ten years trying to

include acceleration in the theory and
published his theory of general relativity in
1915. In it, he determinedthat massive
objects cause a distortion in space-time,
which is felt as gravity.

+Two objects exert a force of

attraction on one another known as
"gravity." Even as the center of the
Earth is pulling you toward it
(keeping you firmly lodged on the
ground), your center of mass is
pulling back at the Earth, albeit with
much less force.Sir Isaac Newton
quantified the gravity between two
objects when he formulated his three
laws of motion. Yet Newton's laws
assume that gravity is an innate
force of an object that can act over a
distance.

+
Theory of Special Relativity
Determined

that the laws of physics are

the same for all non-accelerating
observers, and he showed that
thespeed of light within a vacuum is
the same no matter the speed at which
an observer travels. As a result, he
found that space and time were
interwoven into a single continuum
known as space-time. Events that occur
at the same time for one observer could
occur at different times for another.

As he worked out the equations for

his general theory of relativity,
Einstein realized that massive
objects caused a distortion in spacetime. Imagine setting a large body in
the center of a trampoline. The body
would press down into the fabric,
causing it to dimple. A marble rolled
around the edge would spiral inward
toward the body, pulled in much the
same way that the gravity of a
planet pulls at rocks in space.

+
General Theory of Relativity
General

relativitywas Einsteins theory

of gravity, published in 1915, which
extended special relativity to take into
accountnon-inertial frames of
reference areas that are accelerating
with respect to each other. General
relativity takes the form of field
equations, describing the curvature of
space-time and the distribution of
matter throughout space-time. The
effects of matter and space-time on
each other are what we perceive as

The

theory of the space-time

continuum already existed, but
under general relativity Einstein was
able to describe gravity as the
bending of space-time geometry.
Einstein defined a set offield
equations, which represented the
way that gravity behaved in
response to matter in space-time.
These field equations could be used
to represent the geometry of spacetime that was at the heart of the
theory of general relativity.

As

Einstein developed his general

theory of relativity, he had to
refine the accepted notion of the
space-time continuum into a more
precise mathematical framework.
He also introduced another
principle,the principle of
covariance.This principle states
that the laws of physics must take
the same form in all coordinate
systems.

+
Theory of Universality
This

theory is an attempt to describe the

universal phenomena like space, time,
matter and energy as an interrelationship bound by a newly discovered
force named as the universal force. The
universal force is shown to be the force of
gravitation, electricity, magnetism,
strong nuclear and weak nuclear forces. I
believe any other force, hitherto fore not
discovered; also, can be explained in
terms of this universal force.

+ Liberal use of wave-particle

duality, relativity, quantum
concepts is made to achieve a
harmonious and comprehensive
synthesis of all the existing
beliefs in physics into a new
theory with some new concepts
added here and there. While
adding new concepts, enormous
care has been taken to ensure
that the existing beliefs are not
contradicted.

+
Theory of Invariance
Invariance

in physics refers to when

a certain quantity remains the same
under a transformation of things out
of which it is build, while covariance
refers to when equations take the
same form when the objects in the
equations are transformed in some
way.

In the context of field theory, one

can make these notions precise as
follows. Consider a theory of fields.
Let a transformationTT

If

a functionalF[]of the fields be

given (consider the action functional
for example). The functional is said
to beinvariantunder the
transformationTof the fields
provided F[T]=F[]

+
References

http://www.holisticeducator.com/GodfreyKneller-IsaacN
ewton-1689.jpg

http://www.math24.net/law-of-universal-gravitation.htm
l

http://www.thestargarden.co.uk/NewtonAndGravity.html

http://www.space.com/17661-theory-generalrelativity.html

http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/einsteinsgeneral-relativity-theory-gravity-as-geo.html

http://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/61347/inv
ariance-covariance-and-symmetry

+
References

http://teachertech.rice.edu/Participants/louviere/Newto
n/newton5.jpg

http://static.ddmcdn.com/gif/newton-law-of-motion-forc
e-ramps.jpg

http://w3.shorecrest.org/~Lisa_Peck/Physics/syllabus
/mechanics/newtonlaws/Newton_webpage/2011/lisa2/newt
on2.gif

http://mail.colonial.net/~hkaiter/astronomyimagesB/grav
ity.gif

http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/history/gravity.g
if

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb